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Probainognathidae
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== Classification == Probainognathidae was erected in a 1973 paper by the American palaeontologist [[Alfred Romer]] to contain ''[[Probainognathus]]'', a cynodont from the [[Carnian]]-aged [[Chañares Formation]] of Argentina, which Romer had removed from the family [[Chiniquodontidae]]. The family remained [[monotypic]] for a long time, until the genus ''[[Bonacynodon]]'', from the [[Ladinian]]-early Carnian [[Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone|''Dinodontosaurus'' Assemblage Zone]] of Brazil, was named in a 2016 paper by Martinelli ''et al.''<ref name="Martinelli2016" /><ref name="Schultz2020" /> This paper also provided a phylogenetic definition of Probainognathidae, as "the clade including the most recent common ancestor of ''Probainognathus jenseni'' and ''Bonacynodon schultzi'', and all its descendants".<ref name="Martinelli2016" /> [[Phylogenetic]] analyses have generally found probainognathids to be relatively early-diverging members of [[Probainognathia]], a clade that includes all cynodonts closer to mammals than to [[Cynognathia]]. The exact placement of probainognathids relative to other basal probainognathians varies between analyses. Some analyses find probainognathids to be very close relatives of [[Prozostrodontia]], a group of advanced probainognathians that includes [[mammal]]s and their close relatives.<ref name="Martinelli2016" /> Some analyses alternatively find [[Ecteniniidae]], a group of large predatory cynodonts, to be closer to prozostrodontians than the probainognathids.<ref name="Stefanello2018" /><ref name="Stefanello2023" /> {{Col-float}} '''Cladogram from Martinelli ''et al.'' (2016)'''<ref name="Martinelli2016" /> {{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85% |label1=[[Probainognathia]] |1={{Clade |1=''[[Ecteninion]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Chiniquodon]]'' |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |label1='''Probainognathidae''' |1={{Clade |1=''[[Bonacynodon]]'' |2=''[[Probainognathus]]'' }} }} |2={{Clade |1=''[[Protheriodon]]'' |label2=[[Prozostrodontia]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Prozostrodon]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Therioherpeton]]'' |2={{Clade |1=[[Tritheledontidae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Tritylodontidae]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Botucaraitherium]]'' |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=''[[Brasilitherium]]'' |2=''[[Brasilodon]]'' }} |2=[[Mammaliaformes]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{Col-float-break}} '''Cladogram from Stefanello ''et al.'' (2023)'''<ref name="Stefanello2023" /> {{Clade|style=font-size:85%; line-height:85% |label1=[[Probainognathia]] |1={{Clade |1=''[[Lumkuia]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Chiniquodon]]'' |2={{Clade |label1='''Probainognathidae''' |1={{Clade |1=''[[Bonacynodon]]'' |2=''[[Probainognathus]]'' }} }} |3={{Clade |1=[[Ecteniniidae]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Protheriodon]]'' |label2=[[Prozostrodontia]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Prozostrodontidae]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Therioherpeton]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Irajatherium]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Riograndia]]'' |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=''[[Diarthrognathus]]'' |2=''[[Pachygenelus]]'' }} |2={{Clade |1=[[Tritylodontidae]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Botucaraitherium]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Brasilodon]]'' |2=[[Mammaliaformes]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{Col-float-end}}
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