Editing Problem-based learning (section)

==History==
The PBL process was pioneered by [[Howard Barrows|Barrows]] and Tamblyn at the [[medical school]] program at [[McMaster University]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Barrows" /> Traditional medical education disenchanted students, who perceived the vast amount of material presented in the first three years of medical school as having little relevance to the practice of medicine and clinically based medicine.<ref name=Barrows>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/tl.37219966804 |title=Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview |year=1996 |last1=Barrows |first1=Howard S. |journal=New Directions for Teaching and Learning |volume=1996 |issue=68 |pages=3–12}}</ref> The PBL curriculum was developed in order to stimulate learning by allowing students to see the relevance and application to future roles. It maintains a higher level of motivation towards learning, and shows the importance of responsible, professional attitudes with teamwork values.<ref name=Barrows /> The motivation for learning drives interest because it allows for selection of problems that have real-world application.

Problem-based learning has subsequently been adopted by other medical school programs<ref name=Barrows /> adapted for undergraduate instruction,<ref name=ChallengeofPBL>{{cite book |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Boud |editor2-first=Grahame |editor2-last=Feletti |first1=Elizabeth G |last1=Armstrong |title=The challenge of problem-based learning |chapter=A Hybrid Model of Problem-based Learning |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-7494-2560-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvyBq6k6tWUC&pg=PA137}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Duch|first=Barbara J.|title=The power of problem-based learning : a practical "how to" for teaching undergraduate courses in any discipline.|year=2001|publisher=Stylus Pub.|location=Sterling, VA|isbn=978-1579220372|edition=1st|author2=Groh, Susan|author3=Allen, Deborah E.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/powerofproblemba0000unse}}{{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Peters|first=José A. Amador, Libby Miles, C.B.|title=The practice of problem-based learning : a guide to implementing PBL in the college classroom|year=2006|publisher=Anker Pub. Co.|location=Bolton, Mass.|isbn=978-1933371078}}{{page needed|date=October 2013}}</ref> as well as K-12.<ref name=Barrows /><ref name=5ideas>{{cite journal |last=Gasser |first=Kenneth W. |title=Five Ideas for 21st Century Math Classrooms |journal=American Secondary Education |date=June 2011 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=108–16 |url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/64918714/five-ideas-21st-century-math-classrooms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192120/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/64918714/five-ideas-21st-century-math-classrooms |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-10-29 |access-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> The use of PBL has expanded from its initial introduction into medical school programs to include education in the areas of other [[health sciences]], [[math]], [[law]], [[education]], [[economics]], [[business]], [[social studies]], and [[Engineering education|engineering]].<ref name=5ideas /> PBL includes problems that can be solved in many different ways depending on the initial identification of the problem and may have more than one solution.<ref name=Cotic_PBLandMath>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/03055690802648085 |title=Problem‐based instruction in mathematics and its impact on the cognitive results of the students and on affective‐motivational aspects |year=2009 |last1=Cotič |first1=Mara |last2=Zuljan |first2=Milena Valenčič |journal=Educational Studies |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=297–310|s2cid=122671305 }}</ref>

In 1974, [[Aalborg University]] was funded in Denmark and all the programs (engineering, natural and social sciences) were based on PBL.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kolmos, Fink and Krogh |title=The Aalborg PBL model : progress, diversity and challenges |date=2004 |publisher=Aalborg University Press |isbn=87-7307-911-1 |url=http://samples.pubhub.dk/9788773079119.pdf}}</ref> The [[UNESCO]] Chair in Problem-Based Learning in Engineering Education is at Aalborg University.<ref>{{cite web |last1=UNESCO |title=UNESCO Chairs in Natural Sciences {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/engineering/uei/unesco-chairs-in-natural-sciences/ |website=www.unesco.org |access-date=20 Sep 2019}}</ref> Currently its roughly 20,000 students still follow PBL principles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.aau.dk/about-aau/aalborg-model-problem-based-learning/|title=The Aalborg model for problem based learning|website=www.en.aau.dk|access-date=1 January 2018}}</ref>