Editing Problem solving (section)

=== Psychology ===
Problem solving in psychology refers to the process of finding solutions to problems encountered in life.<ref>{{cite book|first=Donald K.|last=Granvold|chapter=Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy with Adults|editor-first=Jerrold R.|editor-last=Brandell|title=Theory and Practice in Clinical Social Work|year=1997|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-82765-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K9Hm0UuFGJ0C&pg=PA189 189]}}</ref> Solutions to these problems are usually situation- or context-specific. The process starts with [[problem finding]] and [[problem shaping]], in which the problem is discovered and simplified. The next step is to generate possible solutions and evaluate them. Finally a solution is selected to be implemented and verified. Problems have an ''end goal'' to be reached; how you get there depends upon problem orientation (problem-solving coping style and skills) and systematic analysis.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Introduction to the study of problem solving|title=Problem Solving|first=S. Ian|last=Robertson|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001|isbn=0-415-20300-7}}</ref>

Mental health professionals study the human problem-solving processes using methods such as [[introspection]], [[behaviorism]], [[simulation]], [[computer modeling]], and [[experiment]]. Social psychologists look into the person-environment relationship aspect of the problem and independent and interdependent problem-solving methods.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Rubin | first1 = M. | last2 = Watt | first2 = S. E. | last3 = Ramelli | first3 = M. | year = 2012 | title = Immigrants' social integration as a function of approach-avoidance orientation and problem-solving style | journal = International Journal of Intercultural Relations | volume = 36 | issue = 4| pages = 498–505 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.12.009 | hdl = 1959.13/931119 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Problem solving has been defined as a higher-order [[cognitive]] process and [[intelligence|intellectual function]] that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills.<ref name="G&L87">{{cite book | author1= Goldstein F. C. |author2=Levin H. S. |year=1987 |chapter=Disorders of reasoning and problem-solving ability |editor1=M. Meier |editor2=A. Benton |editor3=L. Diller |title=Neuropsychological rehabilitation |place=London |publisher=Taylor & Francis Group.}}</ref>

Empirical research shows many different strategies and factors influence everyday problem solving.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book |last1=Vallacher |first1=Robin |last2=M. Wegner |first2=Daniel |chapter=Action Identification Theory |title=Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology |pages=327–348 |doi=10.4135/9781446249215.n17|year=2012 |isbn=978-0-85702-960-7 }}
|2={{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/01650250143000319 | volume=26 | issue=1 | title=Gender differences in older adults' everyday cognitive collaboration | journal=International Journal of Behavioral Development | pages=45–59| pmc=2909137 |pmid=20657668| year=2002 | last1=Margrett | first1=J. A | last2=Marsiske | first2=M }}
|3={{cite journal | doi = 10.1093/geront/gnt118 | pmid=24142914 | volume=54 | issue=1 | title=The Convoy Model: Explaining Social Relations From a Multidisciplinary Perspective | journal=The Gerontologist | pages=82–92| pmc=3894851 | year=2013 | last1=Antonucci | first1=T. C | last2=Ajrouch | first2=K. J | last3=Birditt | first3=K. S }}
}}</ref> [[Rehabilitation psychology|Rehabilitation psychologists]] studying people with frontal lobe injuries have found that deficits in emotional control and reasoning can be re-mediated with effective rehabilitation and could improve the capacity of injured persons to resolve everyday problems.<ref name="Rath2003">{{cite journal |last1=Rath |first1=Joseph F. |last2=Simon |first2=Dvorah |last3=Langenbahn |first3=Donna M. |last4=Sherr |first4=Rose Lynn |last5=Diller |first5=Leonard |title=Group treatment of problem-solving deficits in outpatients with traumatic brain injury: A randomised outcome study |journal=Neuropsychological Rehabilitation |year= 2003 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=461–488 |doi=10.1080/09602010343000039 |s2cid=143165070 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247514323}}</ref> Interpersonal everyday problem solving is dependent upon personal motivational and contextual components. One such component is the [[Valence (psychology)|emotional valence]] of "real-world" problems, which can either impede or aid problem-solving performance. Researchers have focused on the role of emotions in problem solving,<ref name=DZurilla>{{multiref2
|1={{cite journal | last1 = D'Zurilla | first1 = T. J. | last2 = Goldfried | first2 = M. R. | year=1971 | title = Problem solving and behavior modification | journal = Journal of Abnormal Psychology | volume = 78 | issue = 1| pages = 107–126 | doi=10.1037/h0031360 | pmid = 4938262 |ref=Reference-DZurilla1971}}
|2={{cite book |author1= D'Zurilla, T. J. |author2=Nezu, A. M. |year=1982 |chapter=Social problem solving in adults |editor=P. C. Kendall  |title=Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy |volume=1 |pages=201–274 |place=New York |publisher=Academic Press}}
}}</ref> demonstrating that poor emotional control can disrupt focus on the target task, impede problem resolution, and lead to negative outcomes such as fatigue, depression, and inertia.<ref name="rath2004">{{cite journal |last1=Rath |first1=J. F. |last2=Langenbahn |first2=D. M. |last3=Simon |first3=D |last4=Sherr |first4=R. L. |last5=Fletcher |first5=J. |last6=Diller |first6=L. |year=2004 |title=The construct of problem solving in higher level neuropsychological assessment and rehabilitation*1 |journal=Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=613–635 |doi=10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.006 |pmid=15271407 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{clarify|text=In conceptualization, |date=September 2023}}human problem solving consists of two related processes: problem orientation, and the motivational/attitudinal/affective approach to problematic situations and problem-solving skills.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rath|first1=Joseph F.|last2=Hradil|first2=Amy L.|last3=Litke|first3=David R.|last4=Diller|first4=Leonard|date=2011|title=Clinical applications of problem-solving research in neuropsychological rehabilitation: Addressing the subjective experience of cognitive deficits in outpatients with acquired brain injury.|journal=Rehabilitation Psychology|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=320–328|doi=10.1037/a0025817|pmid=22121939|pmc=9728040 |issn=1939-1544}}</ref> People's strategies cohere with their goals<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoppmann |first1=Christiane A. |last2=Blanchard-Fields |first2=Fredda |author-link2=Fredda Blanchard-Fields |title=Goals and everyday problem solving: Manipulating goal preferences in young and older adults |journal=Developmental Psychology |year= 2010 |volume=46 |issue=6 |pages=1433–1443 |doi=10.1037/a0020676|pmid=20873926 }}</ref> and stem from the process of comparing oneself with others.