Editing Process-oriented psychology (section)

==Theory and practices==

===Process===
The theory of process oriented psychology centres around the idea of 'process': a meaningful, connected pattern over time that can be observed and tracked through non-intentional signals (e.g. non-verbal communication, body symptoms, dreams, accidents, conflicts).<ref name=Collins2001 />{{rp|29–30}} It is claimed that becoming consciously aware of the 'dreaming process' may help to deal with disturbances including mental and physical distress, relationship troubles and social issues.<ref name=Thompson2006>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Sylvia|title=Looking back at how to move on|newspaper=Irish Times|date=December 6, 2006}}</ref><ref name=Mindell1985>{{cite book|last=Mindell|first=Arnold|title=River's Way: The process science of the dreambody|year=1985|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=978-0-7102-0631-2}}</ref> The theory of a 'dreaming process' began with Arnold Mindell's concept of the 'dreambody', developed from Jungian dream analysis and the observation that dreams and body symptoms were meaningfully connected.<ref name=Singer1995 />{{rp|26–9}} Mindell asserted that a therapist could work with body experiences to reveal the unconscious just as they could work with dreams.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|107–108}}

Process Work's contention of a link between dreams and body symptoms is a viewpoint similar to shamanism, 'mankind's oldest medicinal doctrine, where illness reflects one's spiritual condition'.<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|523}}  Mindell's theory has also been compared to another Jungian, Meredith Sabini, who similarly recognises a symbolic relationship between dream images and physical symptoms, and values their role in bringing awareness of a person's [[individuation]] process, the development of the Jungian [[Self (Jung)|Self]].<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|524}} Mindell is recognised for providing a method of working psychologically with body symptoms using the technique of 'amplification'; this involves intensifying the experience of a symptom or a dream and following its expression through the various 'channels' of perception until the meaning of the 'dreambody' is revealed to the client.<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|524–5}}

The idea of a 'dreambody' was generalised to the concept of a 'dreaming process': a potentially meaningful pattern within symptoms, dreams and other irrational or disturbing aspects of our experience.<ref name=Caldwell1997 />{{rp|65}}  Totton explains that for process oriented psychology, 'dreaming' refers to any 'extra-conscious signals through which our process communicates itself'.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|28}} The signals of a 'dreaming process' go beyond nighttime dreams and body symptoms to include 'daydreams, imagery and flickers of awareness that come and go'.<ref name=Elbaz2010>{{cite journal|last=Elbaz-Luwisch|first=Freema|title=Writing and professional learning: the uses of autobiography in graduate studies in education|journal=Teachers and Teaching|year=2010|volume=16|issue=3|pages=307–327|doi=10.1080/13540601003634404|s2cid=143398221}}</ref>{{rp|313}}  For Process Work, 'dreaming' can be defined as 'the unconscious activity of the person, both when they are asleep and when they are awake'.<ref name=Collins2001 />{{rp|29}} Shafton comments that Mindell, along with Walter Bonime, Fritz Perls, Strephon Williams, [[Jeremy Taylor (dream worker)|Jeremy Taylor]] and Eugene Gendlin, makes the assumption that 'dreamlike symbolic processes occur in waking' and accordingly applies dreamwork techniques to aspects of conscious experience.<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|335}}

The 'dreaming process' is believed to have a meaningful, purposeful direction of change, reflecting the influence of Taoism and Jungian psychology.<ref name=Singer1995 />{{rp|27–8}} The dreaming process can be understood as the Jungian unconscious 'seeking integration, and ... creating opportunities for the individual to grow in conscious awareness'.<ref name=Collins2001 />{{rp|29}}

An important conceptual distinction for process oriented psychology is between the 'primary' (intended) and the 'secondary' (unintended) aspects of a given behaviour or experience:
:people at any given moment experienc[e] a 'primary process' — aspects of our experience with which we identify — and a 'secondary process' — aspects with which we find it hard to identify and which are trying insistently to enter our awareness.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|108}} 
For an individual, the primary or intended aspects of communication and behaviour will be shaped by conscious norms and values, while secondary processes will include disturbing, challenging or irrational experiences that are further from awareness and often overtly marginalised.<ref name=Collins2001 />{{rp|29}}  Process Work aims to integrate secondary processes into a person's primary, conscious awareness to reduce the disturbance and access its potential for meaning and growth.<ref name=Collins2001 />{{rp|30}}

Process Work theory includes a framework of experiential 'channels' through which the dreaming process is expressed; these channels include the visual, auditory, movement (kinaesthetic), body feeling (proprioceptive), relationship and world channels.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|108}}<ref name=Bressen2004 />{{rp|14}}  Like [[Gestalt therapy]], Process Work tracks a person's experience as it shifts between different channels.<ref name=Shafton1995 />{{rp|525}}  Process Work is particularly known for using the channels of body awareness, movement and physical contact to explore psychological issues.<ref name=Payne2006 />{{rp|9}} The concept of a purposeful 'dreaming process' expressing itself through multiple 'channels' of experience is the theoretical basis for Process Work's 'far-reaching and flexible approach, which uses essentially the same capacious toolbox to work with everything from bodily symptoms to couple relationships to political conflicts'.<ref name=Totton2003 />{{rp|108}}

The theory and contentions of process oriented psychology have been described as an alternative to mainstream psychology.<ref name=Bedrick2013>{{cite book|last=Bedrick|first=David|title=Talking Back to Dr. Phil: Alternatives to Mainstream Psychology|year=2013|publisher=Belly Song Press|location=Santa Fe, NM|isbn=978-0985266707}}</ref>{{rp|1–14}} Process Work proposes that disturbing feelings, symptoms and behaviours be interpreted as 'an underlying urge toward health, wholeness, and diversity rather than pathology'.<ref name=Bedrick2013 />{{rp|8}} The theory suggests understanding the meaning of symptoms and disturbances rather than only focusing on modifying or eliminating them.<ref name=Bedrick2013 />{{rp|8}}

===Worldwork and deep democracy===
The application of process oriented psychology to group issues is called 'worldwork' and a key concept is 'deep democracy'.<ref name=Totton2000 />{{rp|45–48}} Worldwork includes theory and practices for working with conflict, leadership and social issues.<ref name=ShrinkRap2008>{{cite journal|last=Van Nuys|first=David|title=From Dreambody to Worldwork with Arnold Mindell|journal=Shrink Rap Radio (Podcast)|year=2008|volume=#170|issue=August 29|url=http://shrinkrapradio.com/170-from-dreambody-to-worldwork/}}</ref><ref name=MindellAmy2008>{{cite journal|last=Mindell|first=Amy|title=Bringing deep democracy to life: an awareness paradigm for deepening political dialogue, personal relationships, and community interactions|journal=Psychotherapy and Politics International|year=2008|volume=6|issue=3|pages=212–225|doi=10.1002/ppi.173}}</ref>  Brown and Harris (2014) explain:
:Deep democracy was developed as a means of approaching the relationships among individual, organisational and social transformational change which support collective governance. Amy and Arnold Mindell's world work framework draws on relativity concepts from physics to heighten awareness of the relationship element in all experience.  A central concept is the validity of subjective inner and observable outer experience as two sides of the same coin.<ref name=Brown2014 />{{rp|136}}
Process Work applications for groups have become known through Mindell's books: ''The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy'' (1992)<ref name=Britt2011>Britt, S. (2011, November 3). Turning conflict into compassion. ''Gloucester Daily Times (MA)''.</ref><ref name=Handshin2001>{{cite news|last=Handshin|first=Mia|title=Together we can change the world|newspaper=The Advertiser|date=October 16, 2001|location=Adelaide|page=Features, p.18}}</ref><ref name=Tucker1992>{{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Jean Gilbert|title=Book review: The Leader as Martial Artist: An Introduction to Deep Democracy|journal=Whole Earth Review|year=1992|issue=77 Winter|pages=21}}</ref> and ''Sitting in the Fire: Large Group Transformation Using Conflict and Diversity'' (1995)<ref name=Murphy2012>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Kate|title=Thorsten Bauer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/opinion/sunday/catching-up-with-thorsten-bauer.html?_r=0|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 11, 2012|page=News: 2(L)}}</ref><ref name=Rosenblum>{{cite book|last=Rosenblum|first=Karen E.|title=The meaning of difference: American constructions of race, sex and gender, social class, sexual orientation and disability|year=2012|publisher=McGraw Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0-07-811164-8|page=485|edition=Sixth|author2=Toni-Michelle C. Travis}}</ref><ref>Haw, P. (2008, July 28). Appreciate and honour greybeards' wisdom. ''Business Day (Johannesburg).''</ref>  Mindell's ideas of worldwork and deep democracy have been likened to the work of Danaan Parry.<ref name="Totton2000" />{{rp|46}}<ref>Britt, S. (2012, July 2). My View: Conflict resolution starts at home. ''Gloucester Daily Times (MA)'', p. Opinion.</ref>

For process oriented psychology, the concept of 'deep democracy' refers to a 'belief in the inherent importance of all parts of ourselves and all viewpoints in the world around us'.<ref name=Totton2007>{{cite web|last=Totton|first=Nick|title=Democracy and therapy|url=http://www.therapytoday.net/article/15/29/categories/|work=Therapy Today (18.1)|publisher=British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy|access-date=23 December 2013|year=2007|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105820/http://www.therapytoday.net/article/15/29/categories/|archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref> It aims to broaden the idea of democracy to include not only cognitive, rational viewpoints but also emotional experiences and intuition: 'Deep democracy awareness welcomes inner voices and makes use of diversity and existing tensions to access subjective experience, deeper vision and tangible results of the participants.'<ref name=Brown2014 />{{rp|136}} Similarly, the author [[John Bradshaw (author)|John Bradshaw]] explains: 
:Deep democracy, as the psychologist Arnold Mindell points out in his book, ''The Leader as Martial Artist'', is a timeless feeling of shared compassion for all living beings. It is a sense of the value and importance of the whole, including and especially our own personal reality. Deeply democratic people value every organ in their body as well as their inner feelings, needs, desires, thoughts and dreams.<ref name=Bradshaw1996>{{cite book|last=Bradshaw|first=John Elliot|title=Bradshaw on the family: a new way of creating solid self-esteem (Revised)|year=1996|publisher=Health Communications|location=Deerfield Beach, FL|isbn=978-1-55874-427-1|pages=xvi –xvii|url=https://archive.org/details/bradshawonfamily00brad}}</ref>

This use of the term 'deep democracy' is distinct from that of [[Arjun Appadurai]] and Judith M. Green in community development<ref name=Wilson2003>{{cite journal|last=Wilson|first=Patricia A.|author2=Lowery, Christina|title=Building Deep Democracy: The story of a grassroots learning organization in South Africa|journal=Planning Forum|year=2003|issue=9|pages=47–64}}</ref>{{rp|50–51}}  and that of [[Haider A. Khan]] in economic theory.<ref name=Khan2009>{{cite journal|last=Khan|first=Haider|title=A theory of deep democracy and economic justice in the age of postmodernism|journal=Contemporary Readings in Law & Social Justice|year=2009|volume=1|issue=1|pages=47–72|issn=1948-9137}}</ref>

Worldwork includes group techniques for developing awareness of social issues like racism<ref name=Burkett2001>{{cite news|last=Burkett|first=Eric|title=Group aims to make city more aware of persistent racism - WORKSHOP: Guest speaker will explain how to manage differences|newspaper=Anchorage Daily News (AK)|date=October 9, 2001|page=D1}}</ref> and has been used to deal with post-conflict trauma.<ref name=Audergon2006>{{cite journal|last=Audergon|first=Arlene|title=Hot Spots: Post-conflict trauma and transformation|journal=Critical Half: Biannual Journal of Women for Women International|year=2006|volume=4|issue=1|pages=41–44|url=http://www.womenforwomen.org/news-women-for-women/assets/files/critical-half/CH5.pdf|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>  Worldwork has been described as the 'attempt to apply psychotherapy in the sphere of political conflict without privileging the therapeutic over the political',<ref name="Totton2000" />{{rp|48}} because it takes on the challenge of supporting all sides of a conflict while dealing with the real politics of inequality. Totton notes that 'so far worldwork has not resolved this problem—perhaps it cannot be resolved, but only held in continual tension'.<ref name="Totton2000" />{{rp|48}}  Similarly, Worldwork has been described as 'group therapy in public': a group work technique aiming to bring awareness to 'the hidden emotional undercurrents surrounding social issues — like racism — that are rarely addressed publicly'.<ref name=Peay1997 /> Totton comments that worldwork is 'difficult: experimental, stirring, demanding every ounce of flexibility and awareness from all the participants ... but also tremendously hopeful'.<ref name="Totton2000" />{{rp|46}}

An example of 'worldwork' with social tensions in large groups was reported by the [[San Francisco Chronicle]].<ref name="Lattin1992" /> In 1992, a racially diverse group of 200 people gathered in Oakland, CA to explore racial tensions, using Process Work techniques. This reportedly involved the expression of pain, anger and grief in a public forum with a focus on authentic, personal dialogue between individuals from opposing sides of a social issue.<ref name="Lattin1992" /> The Chronicle comments: 
:Using role-playing exercises, body awareness and other techniques, Mindell tries to intensify the conflict under controlled situations — hoping that through some cathartic process, conflict will reconcile itself.<ref name="Lattin1992" />

The Chronicle reports that the group moved from angry heated conflict between a black and a white man, to a black man emotionally expressing his grief and pain, and finally the group 'melted into one giant, wailing, hugging mass of black and white humanity'.<ref name="Lattin1992" />

The Process Work approach to leadership and conflict facilitation is based on the idea of deep democracy; it tries to build awareness of the bigger picture and develop compassion for all sides in a conflict,<ref>Siver, Stanford. (2010). Deep democracy: multidimensional process-oriented leadership. Chapter 16 In S. Schuman (Ed.), ''The handbook for working with difficult groups: how they are difficult, why they are difficult and what you can do about it'' (pp. 275–292). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. {{ISBN|9780470190388}}</ref><ref>Handshin, Mia. (2001, October 16). Together we can change the world. ''The Advertiser (Adelaide)'', p. Features, p18. Adelaide.</ref> an approach that Mindell refers to as 'eldership'.<ref>Haw, Penny. (2008, July 28). Appreciate and honour greybeards' wisdom. ''Business Day (Johannesburg)''</ref> Process oriented psychology is known for a positive model of conflict, seeing it as an opportunity for growth and community; Mindell, like the authors Thomas Crum and Danaan Parry, suggests that dealing with personal conflicts better can create global change.<ref>Britt, Susan. (2011, November 3). Turning conflict into compassion. ''Gloucester Daily Times (MA)''.</ref>  The model of conflict resolution involves identifying the sides in the conflict as roles and having the conflicting parties experiment with expressing all roles, swapping sides until greater understanding is achieved.<ref>Zimmermann, Zoe. (2011, April 25). A simple conflict resolution model. ''Denver Examiner (CO)'', Section: Denver Psychology Examiner.</ref>  Conflict is understood as a sign that at least one viewpoint or experience within the group is not being adequately represented and Process Work aims to bring these 'ghosts' into conscious awareness and dialogue.<ref name=Totton2000 />{{rp|46}}<ref name=Weitzel2000>{{cite journal|last=Weitzel|first=Tim|author2=Had, Gary. A.|title=Make friends with the wild things: you can find sustainable solutions and organizational renewal in the least likely places|journal=Training & Development|year=2000|issue=November|pages=56–61}}</ref>{{rp|56,58}}

====Lewis Method of Deep Democracy====
Lewis Method of Deep Democracy is based on the work of Arnold Mindell. In the early 1990s two of Arnold Mindell’s students, Myrna Lewis and her late husband, Greg, began translating some of the tools. Lewis's Method of Deep Democracy is more flexible about the depth.<ref>[http://actioncatalogue.eu/method/7406 Deep Democracy - The Lewis Method]</ref>

====Patricia A. Wilson's Deep Democracy====
Wilson has more focus on inner work and building the container for a culture of dialogue and connectedness. She summarizes essence of deep democracy as "the inner experience of interconnectedness".<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323642886_Deep_Democracy_The_Inner_Practice_of_Civic_Engagement Deep Democracy The Inner Practice of Civic Engagement]</ref>

====Judith M. Green's Deep Democracy====
Green describes "Deep Democracy would equip people to expect, to understand, and to value diversity and change while preserving and projecting both democratically humane cultural values and interactively sustainable environmental values in a dynamic responsive way."<ref name="Noddings2004">{{cite book|author=Nel Noddings|title=No Education Without Relation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kY7mv-eKNqkC&dq=%22deep+democracy%22&pg=PA74 |year=2004|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-0-8204-6830-3|page=74}}</ref>