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Process theory
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==Applications and examples== Process theories are important in management and software engineering.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ralph|first1=Paul|title=Developing and Evaluating Software Engineering Process Theories|url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2818754.2818760|website=Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1|publisher=IEEE Press|pages=20–31|date=1 January 2015|isbn=9781479919345|series=Icse '15}}</ref> Process theories are used to explain how people are [[motivated]] and how decisions are made,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Poole|first1=Marshall Scott|last2=Roth|first2=Jonelle|title=Decision Development in Small Groups IV A Typology of Group Decision Paths|journal=Human Communication Research|volume=15|issue=3|pages=323–356|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2958.1989.tb00188.x|date=March 1989}}</ref> how software is designed<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=Paul|title=The Sensemaking-Coevolution-Implementation Theory of software design|journal=Science of Computer Programming|date=April 2015|volume=101|pages=21–41|doi=10.1016/j.scico.2014.11.007|arxiv=1302.4061|s2cid=6154223 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ralph|first1=Paul|title=Software engineering process theory: A multi-method comparison of Sensemaking–Coevolution–Implementation Theory and Function–Behavior–Structure Theory|journal=Information and Software Technology|date=February 2016|volume=70|pages=232–250|doi=10.1016/j.infsof.2015.06.010|arxiv=1307.1019|s2cid=12104046 }}</ref> and how software processes are improved.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Allison|first1=I.|last2=Merali|first2=Y.|title=Software process improvement as emergent change: A structurational analysis|journal=Information and Software Technology|date=1 June 2007|volume=49|issue=6|pages=668–681|doi=10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.003|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2638/1/WRAP_THESIS_Allison_2004.pdf|hdl=10059/220|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: content and process theories. *[[Content theories]] deal with ''“what”'' motivates people and it is concerned with individual needs and goals. Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg and McClelland studied motivation from a “content” perspective. *Process theories deal with the "process" of motivation and are concerned with ''"how"'' motivation occurs. [[Victor Vroom|Vroom]], [[Lyman W. Porter|Porter]] and Lawler (see: [[Victor Vroom#Theory of Expectancy]]), [[John Stacey Adams]] and [[Edwin Locke]] studied motivation from a "process" perspective.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-about-motivation/ |last=Zan|first=Özgür|title=A Brief Introduction to Motivation Theory| date=2011-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226112106/https://ozgurzan.com/management/management-theories/theories-about-motivation/|archive-date=26 February 2014}}</ref> Process theories are also used in education, psychology, geology and many other fields; however, they are not always called "process theories".
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