Editing Propeller (section)

===Early developments===
The principle employed in using a screw propeller is derived from [[stern sculling]]. In sculling, a single blade is moved through an arc, from side to side taking care to keep presenting the blade to the water at the effective angle. The innovation introduced with the screw propeller was the extension of that arc through more than 360° by attaching the blade to a rotating shaft. Propellers can have a [[single-blade propeller|single blade]], but in practice there is nearly always more than one so as to balance the forces involved.

[[File:Archimedes screw.JPG|thumb|left|[[Archimedes' screw]]]]
The origin of the screw propeller starts with the first records of a water screw, or screw pump, dates back to [[Ancient Mesopotamia]], a [[cuneiform]] inscription of [[Assyria]]n king [[Sennacherib]] (704–681 BC) describes casting water screws in bronze. This is consistent with classical author [[Strabo]], who describes the [[Hanging Gardens]] as watered by screws.<ref name=DO>{{cite journal|last1=Dalley|first1=Stephanie|last2=Oleson|first2=John Peter|date=2003|title= Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World|pages=1–26|journal=[[Technology and Culture]]|volume=44|issue=1|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/40151/|doi=10.1353/tech.2003.0011|s2cid=110119248|url-access=subscription}}</ref>  Later, [[Archimedes]] (c. 287 – c. 212 BC) used a screw to lift water for [[irrigation]] and bailing boats, so famously that it became known as [[Archimedes' screw]]. It was probably an application of spiral movement in space (spirals were a special study of Archimedes) to a hollow segmented water-wheel used for irrigation by [[Egyptians]] for centuries. 
In this wise, the origin of modern propellers are usually made by cutting the tip of a long screw into a short shape.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/screw_propeller.html|title= Development of the Screw Propeller|date=2012|publisher=Shipping Wonders of the World}}</ref>

Additionally, a flying toy, the [[bamboo-copter]], was enjoyed in China beginning around 320 AD.

In 1661, Toogood and Hays proposed using screws for waterjet propulsion, though not as a propeller.<ref>{{Citation | last = Carlton | first = John | title = Marine Propellers and Propulsion | publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann | year = 2012 | page = 363}}.</ref> [[Robert Hooke]] in 1681 designed a horizontal watermill which was remarkably similar to the Kirsten-Boeing vertical axis propeller designed almost two and a half centuries later in 1928; two years later Hooke modified the design to provide motive power for ships through water.{{Sfn | Carlton | 2012 | p = 1}}  In 1693 a Frenchman by the name of Du Quet invented a screw propeller which was tried in 1693 but later abandoned.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LPczAQAAMAAJ |title= A Treatise on the Screw Propeller: With Various Suggestions of Improvement|first= John|last=Bourne|date=April 10, 1855|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_3hUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18|title= Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications : Class… |date= April 10, 1857|publisher=Patent Office|via=Google Books}}</ref> In 1752, the ''Academie des Sciences'' in Paris granted Burnelli a prize for a design of a propeller-wheel.  At about the same time, the French mathematician Alexis-Jean-Pierre Paucton suggested a water propulsion system based on the Archimedean screw.{{Sfn | Carlton | 2012 | page = 1}} In 1771, steam-engine inventor [[James Watt]] in a private letter suggested using "spiral oars" to propel boats, although he did not use them with his steam engines, or ever implement the idea.<ref>Murihead, James Patrick, ''The Life of James Watt, with Selections from His Correspondence… With Portraits and Woodcuts'', London: John Murray, 1858, p. 208</ref>

One of the first practical and applied uses of a propeller was on a submarine dubbed {{ship||Turtle|submersible|2}} which was designed in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], in 1775 by Yale student and inventor [[David Bushnell (inventor)|David Bushnell]], with the help of clock maker, engraver, and brass foundryman [[Isaac Doolittle]]. Bushnell's brother Ezra Bushnell and ship's carpenter and clock maker Phineas Pratt constructed the hull in [[Saybrook, Connecticut]].<ref>Stein, Stephen K., 2017, ''The Sea in World History: Exploration, Travel, and Trade [2 volumes]'', Ed. Stephen K. Stein, ABC-CLIO, Vol. 1, p. 600</ref><ref>Manstan, Roy R.; Frese, Frederic J., ''Turtle: David Bushnell's Revolutionary Vessel'', Yardley, PA: Westholme Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-59416105-6}}. {{OCLC|369779489}}, 2010, pp. xiii, 52, 53</ref> On the night of September 6, 1776, Sergeant [[Ezra Lee]] piloted ''Turtle'' in an attack on {{HMS|Eagle|1774|6}} in [[New York Harbor]].<ref>Tucker, Spencer, ''Almanac of American Military History'', ABC-CLIO, 2013, Volume 1, p. 305</ref><ref>Mansten pp. xiii, xiv.</ref> ''Turtle'' also has the distinction of being the first submarine used in battle. Bushnell later described the propeller in an October 1787 letter to [[Thomas Jefferson]]: "An oar formed upon the principle of the screw was fixed in the forepart of the vessel its axis entered the vessel and being turned one way rowed the vessel forward but being turned the other way rowed it backward. It was made to be turned by the hand or foot."<ref>Nicholson, William, ''A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts'', Volume 4, G. G. & J. Robinson, 1801, p. 221</ref> The brass propeller, like all the brass and moving parts on ''Turtle'', was crafted by Issac Doolittle of New Haven.<ref>Manstan, p. 150</ref>

In 1785, Joseph Bramah of England proposed a propeller solution of a rod going through the underwater aft of a boat attached to a bladed propeller, though he never built it.{{Sfn | Carlton | 2012 | pp = 1–2}}

In February 1800, [[Edward Shorter]] of London proposed using a similar propeller attached to a rod angled down temporarily deployed from the deck above the waterline and thus requiring no water seal, and intended only to assist becalmed sailing vessels. He tested it on the transport ship {{ship||Doncaster|1792 ship|2}} at Gibraltar and Malta, achieving a speed of {{convert|1.5|mph|kph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Carlton, p.2">Carlton, p. 2</ref>

In 1802, American lawyer and inventor [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]] built a {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} boat with a rotary steam engine coupled to a four-bladed propeller. The craft achieved a speed of {{convert|4|mph|kph|abbr=on}}, but Stevens abandoned propellers due to the inherent danger in using the high-pressure steam engines. His subsequent vessels were paddle-wheeled boats.<ref name="Carlton, p.2"/>

By 1827, Czech inventor [[Josef Ressel]] had invented a screw propeller with multiple blades on a conical base. He tested it in February 1826 on a manually-driven ship and successfully used it on a steamboat in 1829. His 48-ton ship ''Civetta'' reached 6 knots. This was the first successful Archimedes screw-propelled ship. His experiments were banned by police after a steam engine accident. Ressel, a forestry inspector, held an Austro-Hungarian patent for his propeller. The screw propeller was an improvement over paddlewheels as it wasn't affected by ship motions or draft changes.<ref>Paul Augustin Normand, ''La Genèse de l'Hélice Propulsive [The Genesis of the Screw Propulsor]''. Paris: Académie de Marine, 1962, pp. 31–50.</ref>

[[John Patch]], a mariner in [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia]] developed a two-bladed, fan-shaped propeller in 1832 and publicly demonstrated it in 1833, propelling a row boat across Yarmouth Harbour and a small coastal schooner at [[Saint John, New Brunswick]], but his patent application in the United States was rejected until 1849 because he was not an American citizen.<ref>Mario Theriault, ''Great Maritime Inventions'' Goose Lane Publishing (2001) pp. 58–59</ref> His efficient design drew praise in American scientific circles<ref>{{Citation|url= http://www.cogulus.com/cgi-bin/viewer.cgi?type=writings&file=1848_10_033|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708174319/http://www.cogulus.com/cgi-bin/viewer.cgi?type=writings&file=1848_10_033 |url-status=dead|title= Patch's Propeller | work = Scientific America | volume = 4 | number = 5  | date = October 10, 1848 | page = 33 | via = The Archimedes Screw | access-date = 31 January 2010|archive-date= July 8, 2011}}</ref> but by then he faced multiple competitors.