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Protest vote
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== Determining the presence of a protest vote == Distinguishing between ballots that have been deliberately cast as protest votes and those that are blank, null, or spoiled by an individual trying but failing to cast a valid vote is challenging. Blank votes are often associated with protest voting, but can also be indicators of a lack of information.<ref name=":4" /> Votes are blank, null, and spoiled more frequently in areas with high levels of illiteracy or limited language competency.<ref name=":3" /> Spoiled ballots, especially those that have been deliberately defaced or otherwise ruined, are a more reliable indicator of protest votes and of political sophistication.<ref name=":4" />
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