Editing Protoplasm (section)

==History==
The word "protoplasm" comes from the Greek ''protos'' for ''first'', and ''plasma'' for ''thing formed'', and was originally used in religious contexts.<ref>Wayne, R. 2009. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t_biw80LgjwC Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology]''. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 133.</ref> It was used in 1839 by [[Jan Evangelista Purkyně|J. E. Purkinje]] for the material of the animal embryo.<ref name=purkinje>Purkinje J.E. 1840. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120979#page/85/mode/1up Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus]. In: ''Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur'', Jahre 1839: 81.</ref><ref>Bynum, W. F., Browne, E. J. & Porter, R. (1981). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ian_AwAAQBAJ Dictionary of the history of science]''. Princeton University Press.</ref> Later, in 1846 [[Hugo von Mohl]] redefined the term (also named as ''Primordialschlauch'', "primordial utricle") to refer to the "tough, slimy, granular, semi-fluid" substance within plant cells, to distinguish this from the [[cell wall]] and the [[cell sap]] (''Zellsaft'') within the [[vacuole]].<ref name=Mohl>von Mohl, H. 1846. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/101480#page/47/mode/1up Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen]. ''Bot. Ztg.'' 4: 73-78, 89-94.</ref><ref>Larson, P. R. (1994). ''The Vascular Cambium: Development and Structure.'' Springer-Verlag: New York and Berlin, p. 30-31, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7mLwCAAAQBAJ].</ref><ref>Evert, R. F. 2006. ''Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development''. 3rd.ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, New.Jersey, p. 16, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0DhEBA5xgbkC].</ref> [[Max Schultze]] in 1861 proposed the  "Protoplasm Doctrine" which states that ''all living cells are made of a living substance called Protoplasm''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Candid ICSE Biology Class 9|publisher=Evergreen Publications (India) Ltd.|year=2020|isbn=9788173133718|location= New Delhi |pages=1.3}}</ref> [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Thomas Huxley]] (1869) later referred to it as the "physical basis of life" and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance.<ref>Huxley, T. H. 1869. ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/24707#/summary The Physical Basis of Life]''. New Haven, Conn., The College Courant.</ref> The protoplasm became an "[[Experimental system|epistemic thing]]".<ref>Brain, R.M. "Protoplasmania: Huxley, Haeckel, and the Vibratory Organism in Fin de Siècle Visual Cultures", in ''The Art of Evolution: Darwin, Darwinisms, and Visual Cultures'', F. Brauer and Larson, B. University Presses of New England, 2009, pp. 92-123, [https://books.google.com/books?id=kZisTVt0GJQC].</ref> Its composition, however, was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was.<ref name="Harvey2004">{{citation | author = Harvey, E. N. | year = 1938 | title = Some Physical Properties of Protoplasm | journal = Journal of Applied Physics | volume = 9 | pages = 68–80 | doi = 10.1063/1.1710397 | url = http://link.aip.org/link/?JAPIAU/9/68/1 | issue = 2 | bibcode = 1938JAP.....9...68H | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130112050146/http://link.aip.org/link/?JAPIAU/9/68/1 | archive-date = 2013-01-12 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

In 1872, [[Lionel Smith Beale|Beale]] created the [[vitalist]] term "bioplasm", to contrast with the [[materialism]] of Huxley.<ref name=beale>Beale, L. S. (1872). ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/31392#/summary Bioplasm]''. London: J. & A. Churchill.</ref><ref>Bynum et al. (1981), p. 344.</ref> In 1880, term [[protoplast]] was proposed by [[Johannes von Hanstein|Hanstein]] (1880) for the entire cell, excluding the cell wall,<ref>Hanstein, J. (1880). ''[https://archive.org/details/DasProtoplasma Das Protoplasma]''. Heidelberg.</ref><ref>Sharp (1921), p. 24.</ref> and some authors like [[Julius von Sachs]] (1882) preferred that name instead of cell.<ref>Wayne (2009), p. 15.</ref>

In 1965, Lardy introduced the term "[[cytosol]]", later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cells.<ref name=lardy>Lardy, H. A. 1965. On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. In: ''Control of energy metabolism'', edited by B. Chance, R. Estabrook, and J. R. Williamson. New York: Academic, 1965, p. 245, [https://books.google.com/books?id=MUueBQAAQBAJ].</ref>

By the time Huxley wrote, a long-standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life: was it the cell or was it protoplasm? By the late 1860s, the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm. The cell was a container for protoplasm, the fundamental and universal material substance of life. Huxley's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a [[vitalism|vitalistic theory of life]].<ref name="Geison1969">{{citation | author = Geison, Gerald| year = 1969 | title = The Protoplasmic Theory of Life and the Vitalist-Mechanist Debate| journal = Isis | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 272–292 | doi=10.1086/350498| pmid = 4919832 | s2cid = 39167693 }}</ref> Attempts to investigate the [[origin of life]] through the creation of synthetic "protoplasm" in the laboratory were not successful.<ref name="Lazcano2008">{{citation |author1=Lazcano, A. |author2=Capone, S. |author3=Walde, P. |author4=Seebach, D. |author5=Ishikawa, T. |author6=Caputo, R. | year = 2008 | title = What Is Life? A Brief Historical Overview | journal = Chemistry & Biodiversity | volume = 5 | pages = 1–15 | doi = 10.1002/cbdv.200890001 | pmid = 18205130 | issue = 1|s2cid=6722644 }}</ref>

The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called "cytoplasm" and a structural body called the [[cell nucleus]] reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of [[electron microscopy]], when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments, or how cells maintain their shape, was unknown.<ref name="Satir2004">{{citation | author = Satir, P. | year = 2005 | title = Tour of organelles through the electron microscope: A reprinting of Keith R. Porter's classic Harvey Lecture with a new introduction | journal = The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology | volume = 287A | pages = 1184–1204 | doi = 10.1002/ar.a.20222 | pmid = 16265625 | issue = 2| doi-access = free }}</ref> Today, it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple [[organelle]]s, the cytoskeleton and [[biomolecular condensate]]s.the word protoplasm is mainly divided in to two parts cytoplasm and nucleus.