Editing Public display of affection (section)

=== China ===
Historically, Chinese culture has regarded the overwhelming majority of physical contact between opposite sexes as unacceptable. The earliest iconic record of such view is ''[https://ctext.org/mengzi/li-lou-i?searchu=%E6%B7%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%AB%A1%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E6%8E%88%E5%8F%97%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%AA%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%AE%E8%88%87%EF%BC%9F Mencius: Li Lou I]'' ([https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90/%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%81%E4%B8%8A 孟子 · 離婁上], written in the [[Warring States period|Warring States Period]]), in which [[Mencius]] ({{lang-zh|孟子}}), a Confucian scholar and philosopher, states that it is "etiquette that males and females shall not allow their hands to touch in giving or receiving anything" ({{lang-zh|男女授受不親}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mengzi: Li Lou I - 淳于髡曰：「男女授受不親，禮與？ - Chinese Text Project |url=https://ctext.org/mengzi/li-lou-i?searchu=%E6%B7%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%AB%A1%E6%9B%B0%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E7%94%B7%E5%A5%B3%E6%8E%88%E5%8F%97%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%AA%EF%BC%8C%E7%A6%AE%E8%88%87%EF%BC%9F |access-date=18 June 2019 |website=ctext.org}}</ref> a view that is still prevalent today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90/%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%81%E4%B8%8A|title=孟子/離婁上 - 維基文庫，自由的圖書館|website=zh.wikisource.org|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> Younger generations in more developed parts of China are less afraid of displaying their affections towards their partners in public (partially affected by the emergence of Western culture). It is common to see males and females holding hands or wearing coordinating outfits in urbanized cities, with some commentators suggesting "mass availability of condoms and hyper-sexualized advertisements" as the cause for China's increasing acceptance of PDA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://china.davidson.edu/blog/chinas-public-display-of-affection/|title=China's Public Display of Affection|website=china.davidson.edu|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> However, traditional ideals still have a strong influence on social norms of relatively remote regions.

In the first few decades of the 21st century, Chinese [[netizen]]s coined the expression {{lang|zh|秀恩爱}} ({{lang-zh|p=xiù ēn'ài|l=to show off love and affection}}) for public display of affection. The neologism quickly popularized and gained the connotation of "being lovey-dovey to piss off single people." According to a 2004 research by Weiyi Zhang, a researcher from [[Fudan University]], the dissemination of PDA culture in China is largely ascribed to an ultramodern desire to gain public recognition and reality confirmation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10246-1015426762.htm|title=影像传播与亲密关系：社交网络秀恩爱仪式研究--《复旦大学》2014年硕士论文|website=cdmd.cnki.com.cn|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>

Mothers from the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] minority ethnic group, as only researched in the 1900s in [[Aigun]] of Northern [[Manchuria]] where the researcher [[S. M. Shirokogoroff]] personally believed the Manchu element were "purer" than those of Southern Manchuria and Peking (now Beijing),<ref>{{cite journal|last = Laufer|first = B.|date = 1924|title = Book Reviews|jstor = 661399|journal = American Anthropologist|volume = 26| issue  = 4|pages = 540–543| quote = The author's researches were made at Aigun in northern Manchuria where the Manchu element is preserved in a purer form and less influenced by Chinese than in southern Manchuria and Peking.| doi  = 10.1525/aa.1924.26.4.02a00100|doi-access = free}}</ref> used to show affection for their children by performing [[fellatio]] on their male babies, placing the penis in their mouths and stimulating it, while they regarded public kissing with revulsion.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shirokogorov | first=Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich | title=Social Organization of the Manchus: A Study of the Manchu Clan Organization | year=1924 | publisher=Royal Asiatic Society| page=i, 1–6, 122 }}</ref>