Editing Publishing (section)

==Types of publishers==
===Newspaper publishing===
[[Newspaper|Newspapers]] or [[Online newspaper|news websites]] are publications of current reports, [[Article (publishing)|articles]], and [[Feature story|features]] written by [[Journalist|journalists]]. They are free, sometimes with a premium edition, or paid for, either individually or through a [[Subscription business model|subscription]]. They are filled with photographs or other media and usually are subsidized with [[advertising]]. Typically, they cover [[Local news|local]], national, and international news or feature a particular industry. Some organizations charge premium fees if they have the expertise and exclusive knowledge. The news industry is meant to serve the public interest, hold people and businesses to account, and promote freedom of information and expression.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/media-freedom |title=Freedom of expression, media freedom and safety of journalists |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119211813/https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/media-freedom |url-status=live }} (last checked 2023-01-19)</ref> Editors manage the tone of voice of their publication; for example, negative versus positive articles can affect the reader's perspective.<ref>Heuristics and Biases {{cite book |last1=Kahneman |first1=D. |last2=Tversky |first2=A. |date=1982 |title=Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809477 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511809477 |isbn=9780511809477 |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230131453/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/judgment-under-uncertainty/6F9E814794E08EC43D426E480A4B412C |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Journal publishing===
A [[Academic journal|journal]] is an academic or technical publication also available in digital and(or) print format, containing articles written by researchers, professors, and individuals with professional expertise. These publications are specific to a particular field and often push the boundaries established in these fields. They usually have [[peer review]] processes before publishing to test the validity and quality of the content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113211439/https://royalsociety.org/journals/ |website=The Royal Society |title=Journals |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Magazine publishing===
A [[magazine]] is a periodical published at regular intervals. It features creative layouts, photography, and illustrations that cover a particular subject or interest. Magazines are available in print or digital formats and can be purchased on apps or websites like [[Readly]] or accessed free of charge on apps or websites like [[Issuu]].

=== Book publishing ===
The global book publishing industry consists of books categorized as [[fiction]] or [[non-fiction]] and [[Book|print]], [[ebook|e-book]], or [[audiobook]]. The book market is huge, with around 1.5 billion people speaking English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |title=The Most Spoken Languages Worldwide |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123213304/https://www.statista.com/statistics/266808/the-most-spoken-languages-worldwide/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Translation services are also available to make these texts accessible in other languages. Self-publishing makes publishing widely accessible through small print-run [[digital printing]] or online self-publishing platforms. [[E-reader]] screen technology continues to improve with increased contrast and resolution making them more comfortable to read. Each book has a registered [[ISBN]] to identify it.

===Directory publishing===
[[Web directory|Directories]] contain searchable indexed data about businesses, products, and services. They were printed in the past but are now mostly online. Directories are available as searchable lists, on a map, as a sector-specific [[Web portal|portal]], as a [[review site]] (expert or consumer), or as a [[Comparison shopping website|comparison site]]. Although some businesses may not consider themselves publishers, the way the data is displayed is published.

===Textbook publishing===
A [[textbook]] is an educational book, or e-book, that contains information on a particular subject and is used by people studying that subject.<ref>{{Cite web |website=Colins Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook |title=textbook |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112112056/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/textbook |url-status=live }}</ref> The need for textbook publishing continues due to the global need for education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Publishing Industry in 2021 |website=WIPO|url=https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112113056/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ipstats/en/docs/fbf-pre-release.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance |title=Finance |website=UNESCO |access-date=28 January 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128174527/https://www.education-progress.org/en/articles/finance |url-status=live |quote=$5 trillion spent on education worldwide }}</ref> Textbooks from major publishers are being integrated with online learning platforms for expert knowledge and access to a library of books with digital content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html |title=Pearson+ |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011335/https://www.pearson.com/en-us/pearsonplus.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[university press]] is an academic publisher run by a university. [[Oxford University Press]] is the largest in the world and specializes in research, education, and English language teaching internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press |title=About Oxford University Press |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129113933/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/oxford-university-press |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Catalog publishing===
A catalog is a visual directory or list of a large range of products that allow you to browse and buy from a particular company.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog |title=Catalog – (US Spelling) |website=Collins Dictionary |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115125109/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/catalog |url-status=live}}</ref> In print, this is usually in the format of a softback book or directory. Smaller visual catalogs can be known as brochures. With the Internet, they have evolved into searchable databases of products known under the term [[e-commerce]]. Interactive catalogs and brochures like IKEA<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1 |title=IKEA Business Brochure 2023 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121021/https://publications-us-en.ikea.com/ikea_business_2023/page/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Avon<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.avon.com/brochure |title=Avon Catalog |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115121807/https://www.avon.com/brochure |url-status=live }}</ref> allow customers to browse a full range if they have not decided on their purchase. Responsive web and app design will allow further integration between interactive catalog visuals and searchable product databases.

===Web publishing===
Until recently, physical books were the primary source of recording knowledge. For accessibility and global reach, this content can be repurposed for the web. The [[British Library]], for example, holds more than 170 million items with 3 million new additions each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |title=The British Library |date=2023-01-12 |access-date=12 January 2023 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731015517/https://www.bl.uk/about-us/our-story/facts-and-figures-of-the-british-library |url-status=live}} (last checked 2023-01-12)</ref> With consent, content can be published online through e-books, audio books, [[Content management system|CMS]]-based websites, online learning platforms, videos, or mobile apps. On the Internet, writers and copy editors are known as content writers and content editors, although their roles vary from their print-based counterparts.

===Advertising===
Advertising can provide income or a subsidized income for publishers. If the advertising has a [[return on investment]] (ROI), the publisher can boost income exponentially by increasing the spending. An ROI of up to £10 per £1 invested is possible, as seen in the John Lewis & Partners [[John Lewis Christmas advert|Christmas campaigns]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Lewis & Partners and Waitrose & Partners launch first-ever joint Christmas TV Advert, 'Excitable Edgar' |url=https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301222551/https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/media/press/y2019/jl-and-wr-launch-joint-christmas-tv-advert.html |archive-date=1 March 2023 |access-date=1 March 2023 |publisher=John Lewis & Partners}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184 |title=John Lewis Christmas Campaigns |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216214335/https://ipaeffectivenessawards2020.awardsengine.com/winners/view_awards_entry.cfm?id_entry=100184 |url-status=live}} (last checked 2023-02-16).</ref> Likewise, any cost savings that harm the customer/consumer experience can impact a brand in the long term. [[Multichannel marketing]] can be more cost-effective in creating an immersive experience that cannot be replicated with one channel. For example, when considering marketing spend, a shop with a small margin (or none at all) compared to a website is very cost-effective because it acts as a huge billboard that offers a browsing experience that enables consumers to make purchasing decisions. It gives them a feel for the brand, has a presence in the community, and creates jobs. Also, using social media publishing to advertise has a good ROI if trending, high-quality content is created that reflects positively on the brand.

===Tie-in publishing===
{{Main|Tie-in}}
Film, television, radio, and advertisements publish information to their audiences. Computer games, streaming apps, and social media publish content in various ways that can keep audiences more engaged. Marketing additional products closely related to a major film, such as ''[[Star Wars]]'', is an example of tie-in publishing. These products include but are not limited to spin-off books, graphic novels, soundtrack albums, computer games, models and toys, social media posts, and promotional publications. Examples of tie-in publishing based on books are the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' and ''[[James Bond]]'' franchises.

{{See also|Periodical publication}}