Editing Pyralidae (section)

==Systematics==
[[File:Butterfly tongue.jpg|thumb|right|[[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]] microphoto of the head of a snout moth &ndash; note the "snout" (labial palps) extending to the upper left above the [[Proboscis#Lepidoptera mouth parts|proboscis]]]]
{{See also|List of Pyralidae genera}}
Five subfamilies are generally recognized in the Pyralidae today. The [[Acentropinae]] (= Nymphulinae), occasionally still placed here, do indeed seem to belong in the Crambidae.

The snout moth subfamilies are, listed in the presumed [[phylogenetic]] sequence from the most primitive to the most advanced:

* '''[[Chrysauginae]]''' (including Bradypodicolinae, Semniidae) &ndash; about 400 species occurring predominantly in the [[Neotropical realm|Neotropical]] region. Larvae typically feed on plants, but some have more unusual feeding habits. The latter include for example some [[myrmecophilous]] species, as well as a number of [[sloth moth]]s which are dependent on [[sloth]]s for their entire life cycle. Most Chrysauginae larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the [[metathorax]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/13328/bgref |title=Subfamily Chrysauginae |website=BugGuide |access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eol.org/pages/893/details |title=Grass Moths |website=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Galleriinae]]''' (including Macrothecinae) &ndash; about 300 species worldwide. The males of galleriine moths have a gnathos almost or completely reduced, the pupae have a prominent dorsal median ridge on the thorax and abdomen, and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta SD1 of the first abdominal segment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f270ad4d-e6f0-4d92-958d-28d1cf38d0cf |title=Galleriinae |website=Fauna Europaea |access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Pyralinae]]''' (including Endotrichinae, Hypotiinae) &ndash; rather diverse in the [[Old World]]; a lesser number of the roughly 900 species occurs elsewhere. The females of almost all Pyralinae except ''[[Cardamyla]]'' and ''[[Embryoglossa]]'' are recognizable by the very short [[ductus bursae]] of their [[genital]]s.<ref name="Nota Lepidopterologica">{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |date=January 5, 2019 |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/pyraloidea/pyralidae/pyralinae/ |title=Pyralinae Latreille |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Epipaschiinae]]''' (including Pococerinae) &ndash; over 550 described species in the tropical and temperate regions (except Europe). Larvae are leaf rollers, leaf tiers, or leaf miners. Some species are minor pests of a few commercial crops. Epipaschiinae are generally hard to recognize, except in the case of adult males which have a few characteristic traits, such as the upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palps and usually a scaly projection from the antenna base. The larvae lack any stereotyped seta sclerotisations.
* '''[[Phycitinae]]''' (including Anerastiinae, Peoriinae) &ndash; probably the most difficult group of Pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification. They comprise more than 600 genera and about 4000 species found all over the world. The characteristic trait of the caterpillars is a [[Sclerotin|sclerotised]] area encircling the base of seta SD1 on the [[mesothorax]], while the adult females have &ndash; like the males of Pyralidae in general do &ndash; a frenulum consisting of a single bristle which in turn is composed of multiple [[Acanthaeschna victoria|acanthae]].
[[File:Pyralidae of the Subfamily Pyraustinae (plate 2).jpg|thumb|502x502px|Specimens described by [[George Hampson]] in 1899, including some problematic genera.]]

===Problematic genera===
In addition to those assigned to the tribes above, several genera of (presumed) Pyralidae are not firmly placed in this arrangement, but are ''[[incertae sedis]]''. Some may be very [[basal (evolution)|basal]] lineages which stand outside the main snout moth radiations, but given the changing circumscription of the Pyralidae, some are likely to be placed outside this group in its modern meaning, either in the Crambidae or in other lineages of basal [[Obtectomera]]. Some may even belong to more ancient moth lineages, such as the [[Alucitoidea]] or [[Pterophoroidea]]. Finally, some of these (usually little-studied) genera possibly are [[junior synonym]]s of genera described earlier. These genera are in the unranked category of the family Pyralidae.<ref name=pyralidaes>{{cite journal |last1=Pitkin |first1=Brian |last2=Jenkins |first2=Paul |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/butmoth/search/GenusList3.dsml?&FAMILY=Pyralidae&sort=GENUS |title=Search results Family: Pyralidae |website=Butterflies and Moths of the World |date=2023 |publisher=[[Natural History Museum, London]]|doi=10.5519/s93616qw }}</ref>

The genera in question are:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Apocabimoides]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Ardjuna]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1979</small>
* ''[[Cabimoides]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Cryptophycita]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1979</small>
* ''[[Cryptozophera]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1979</small>
* ''[[Delcina]]'' <small>Clarke, 1986</small> (Phycitinae?)
* ''[[Eupassadena]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Gomezmenoria]]'' <small>Agenjo, 1966</small>
* ''[[Gunungodes]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1981</small>
* ''[[Indocabnia]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1981</small>
* ''[[Inverina]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Kasyapa (moth)|Kasyapa]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1981</small>
* ''[[Kaurava (moth)|Kaurava]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1981</small>
* ''[[Kumbhakarna (moth)|Kumbhakarna]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1981</small>
* ''[[Merangiria]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1979</small>
* ''[[Ohigginsia]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Pseudopassadena]]'' <small>Neunzig & Goodson, 1992</small>
* ''[[Psorozophera]]'' <small>Roesler & Küppers, 1979</small>
{{div col end}}

These genera have been placed in the Pyralidae when these were still circumscribed ''[[sensu lato]]'' and are sometimes still treated thus, but actually they seem to belong in the Crambidae (see also ''[[Micronix]]'' and ''[[Tanaobela]]''):<ref name=pyralidaes />
* ''[[Alphacrambus]]'' <small>Bassi, 1995</small>
* ''[[Peniculimius]]'' <small>Schoute, 1994</small>
* ''[[Steneromene]]'' <small>Gaskin, 1986</small>
* ''[[Thopeutis]]'' <small>Hübner, 1818</small>
* ''[[Yoshiyasua]]'' (formerly ''[[Yoshiyasua|Melanochroa]]'' <small>Yohiyasu, 1985 ''nec'' Roeder, 1886: [[Melanochroa (disambiguation)|preoccupied]]</small>)