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Qashqai language
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=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |+Consonants of Qashqai |- ! colspan="2" | ! [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ŋ}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]] !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t̪|t}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|q}} |({{IPA link|ʔ}}) |- !<small>voiced</small> |{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d̪|d}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]] !<small>voiceless</small> |{{IPA link|f}} |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|χ}} |{{IPA link|h}} |- !<small>voiced</small> |rowspan="2"|{{IPA link|v}} ~<br>[{{IPA link|w}}] |{{IPA link|z}} |({{IPA link|ʒ}}) | |{{IPA link|ʁ}} | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]] | |{{IPA link|r}} | | | | |} * Sounds /{{IPA link|ʒ}}/ and /{{IPA link|ʔ}}/ only occur as loan consonants from Persian and Arabic. * Sounds /{{IPA link|p}}, {{IPA link|t̪|t}}, {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPA link|k}}/ mainly occur phonemically before consonants, but may occur as aspirated before vowels or in word-final position as [{{IPA|pʰ tʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ}}]. * Sounds /{{IPA link|z}}, {{IPA link|ŋ}}, {{IPA link|ʁ}}/ never occur in word-initial position, except in a few loan words. * [{{IPA link|w}}] only occurs as an intervocalic allophone of /{{IPA link|v}}/ when occurring between two rounded vowels. It may also occur in vowel diphthongs as [{{IPA|ow}}]. * /{{IPA link|ŋ}}/ and /{{IPA link|ɡ}}/ can occur phonemically as [{{IPA link|ɲ}}] and [{{IPA link|ɟ}}] when preceding front vowels. * /{{IPA link|l}}/ may occur as two allophones; as [{{IPA|l̠ʲ}}] before front vowels, or as [{{IPA|ɫ}}] before back vowels. * /{{IPA link|r}}/ can have two allophones; as [{{IPA link|ɾ}}] in word-initial and word-medial positions, or as [{{IPA link|r̥}}] in word-final positions. In native words, /{{IPA link|r}}/ rarely occurs word-initially.
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