Editing Quantum Zeno effect (section)

==History==
The unusual nature of the short-time evolution of quantum systems and the consequences for measurement was noted by [[John von Neumann]] in his ''[[Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics]]'', published in 1932. This aspect of quantum mechanics lay unexplored until 1967 when Beskow and Nilsson<ref>Beskow, A., & Nilsson, J. (1967). "Concept of the Wave Function and the Irreducible Representations of the Poincare Group. II Unstable Systems and the Exponential Decay Law." Inst. of Theoretical Physics, Goteborg.</ref> suggested that the mathematics indicated that an unstable particle in a [[bubble chamber]] would not decay.
In 1977, Baidyanath Misra and [[E. C. George Sudarshan]] presented<ref name="Sudarshan">
{{Cite journal
 |last1=Sudarshan |first1=E. C. G.
 |last2=Misra |first2=B.
 |year=1977
 |title=The Zeno's paradox in quantum theory
 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematical Physics]]
 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=756–763
 |bibcode=1977JMP....18..756M
 |doi=10.1063/1.523304
 |osti=7342282
}}</ref> a mathematical analysis of this quantum effect and proposed its association with [[Zeno's arrow paradox]]. This [[paradox]] of [[Zeno of Elea]] imagines seeing an flying arrow at any fixed instant: it is immobile, frozen in the space it occupies.<ref name=Facchi-2008>{{Cite journal |last=Facchi |first=P |last2=Pascazio |first2=S |date=2008-10-29 |title=Quantum Zeno dynamics: mathematical and physical aspects |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical |volume=41 |issue=49 |pages=493001 |doi=10.1088/1751-8113/41/49/493001 |issn=1751-8113|arxiv=0903.3297 }}</ref>

Despite continued theoretical work, experimental confirmation did not appear<ref name=Facchi-2008/> until 1990 when Itano et al. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Itano |first=Wayne M. |last2=Heinzen |first2=D. J. |last3=Bollinger |first3=J. J. |last4=Wineland |first4=D. J. |date=1990-03-01 |title=Quantum Zeno effect |url=https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.41.2295 |journal=Physical Review A |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2295–2300 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.41.2295}}</ref> applied the idea proposed by Cook<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cook |first=Richard J |date=1988-01-01 |title=What are Quantum Jumps? |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T21/009 |journal=Physica Scripta |volume=T21 |pages=49–51 |doi=10.1088/0031-8949/1988/T21/009 |issn=0031-8949}}</ref> to study oscillating systems rather than unstable ones. Itano drove a transition between two levels in trapped <sup>9</sup>Be<sup>+</sup> ions while simultaneously measuring absorption of laser pulses proportional to population of the lower level.