Editing Quezon City (section)

===Commonwealth era===
====Initial plans for a new capital city====
[[File:Manuel L. Quezon portrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Manuel L. Quezon]], the second [[president of the Philippines]] and the visionary behind the creation of Quezon City, is the namesake of the city.]]
Before the creation of Quezon City, the land on where it would eventually rise was part of several towns such as [[Caloocan]], [[Marikina|Mariquina (Marikina)]], [[Rodriguez, Rizal|Montalban]] (renamed as Rodriguez), [[Pasig]], [[San Mateo, Rizal|San Mateo]], and [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]] (renamed as San Juan), all under [[Manila (province)|Manila]] province and, beginning in 1901, [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] province.

In the 1930s, Manila's urban problems were apparent and problematic.<ref name="CorruptioninQC">{{cite web |title=Quezon's City: Corruption and contradiction in Manila's prewar suburbia, 1935–1941 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/22505B43861B5BB45FE261C348A1FDDF/S0022463416000497a.pdf/div-class-title-quezon-s-city-corruption-and-contradiction-in-manila-s-prewar-suburbia-1935-1941-div.pdf |last1=Pante |first1=Michael D. |website=Cambridge.org |date=February 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724143103/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/22505B43861B5BB45FE261C348A1FDDF/S0022463416000497a.pdf/div-class-title-quezon-s-city-corruption-and-contradiction-in-manila-s-prewar-suburbia-1935-1941-div.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It lacked public housing, where thousands of the city's residents lived in congested informal settler communities, especially in the central districts of [[Binondo]], [[Intramuros]], [[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]], [[San Nicolas, Manila|San Nicolas]] and [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> There were also problems with sanitation and traffic congestion.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The rise of slums in Manila gave rise to the development of its suburbs outside the city limits in the municipalities of [[Pasay]], [[Mandaluyong|San Felipe Neri]] (renamed as Mandaluyong), [[San Francisco del Monte]], [[Makati]], and [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan del Monte]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> These towns became favorable to the upper and middle-class who wanted to escape the congested city but had economic links to it.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

[[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Manuel L. Quezon]], aware of the problems besetting Manila, initiated housing projects called ''Barrio Obrero'' (''Worker's Community'').<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> These communities were established in various places in Manila such as [[Rizal Avenue|Avenida Rizal]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Sta. Cruz]] and Barrio Vitas, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> However, the project failed miserably and these communities became slum areas.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

Alejandro Roces Sr., a prominent Filipino author, was said to be influential in Quezon's vision to establish a new city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon dreamed of a city where the common people could live and thrive.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Roces suggested that a sizeable tract of land be purchased for this purpose.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> However, the government had no available fund except for {{Philippine peso|3 million|link=yes}} in the hands of the National Development Company (NDC).<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

[[File:Tomas Morato.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Tomas Morato]], the first Mayor of Quezon city]]
In order to make Quezon's dream a reality and to mobilize funds for the land purchase, the People's Homesite Corporation (PHC) was created on October 14, 1938, as a subsidiary of NDC, with an initial capital of {{Philippine peso|2 million|link=yes}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Roces was the chairman of the Board of PHC, and they immediately acquired the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family at a cost of 5 centavos per square meter.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> PHC conducted topographical and subdivision surveys, and then subdivided the lots and sold them to the target buyers at an affordable price.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Its target users and beneficiaries were Manila's working class,<ref>{{cite book |title=A Capital City at the Margins: Quezon City and Urbanization in the Twentieth-Century Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/40371139 |last1=Pante |first1=Michael |date=January 2019 |publisher=Academia |access-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165212/https://www.academia.edu/40371139 |url-status=live }}</ref> who were suffering from a shortage of affordable and decent housing in the capital.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The service of the Metropolitan Waterworks system was extended to site.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The Bureau of Public Works, then under Secretary Vicente Fragante, constructed the streets and highways within the property.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon also tapped Architect [[Juan M. Arellano]] to draft a design of the city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />
Eight vast estates were acquired in order to create Quezon City: Diliman Estate, {{convert|1573.22|ha|km2}}, Santa Mesa Estate, {{convert|861.79|ha|km2}}, Mandaluyong Estate, {{convert|781.36|ha|km2}}, Magdalena Estate, {{convert|764.48|ha|km2}}, Piedad Estate, {{convert|743.84|ha|km2}}, Maysilo Estate, {{convert|266.73|ha|km2}} and the San Francisco Del Monte Estate, {{convert|257.54|ha|km2}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Quezon's goal was to create a place for the working class, coinciding with the planned transfer of the [[University of the Philippines]] campus in Manila to a more suitable location, which became another precedent for the creation of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

As early as 1928, the University of the Philippines (UP) had planned to expand by adding more academic units and constructing new buildings.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The university experienced increase in enrollment and its planned expansion was hampered by its small campus in Manila.<ref>{{cite web |title=University of the Philippines Diliman History |url=https://upd.edu.ph/history2/ |publisher=University of the Philippines Diliman |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=August 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165128/https://upd.edu.ph/history2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The revised [[Burnham Plan of Manila]] envisioned the new campus to be located just outside Manila's city limits at 'the heights behind Manila'.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The UP Board of Regents informed Quezon of their desire to relocate the campus and he was supportive of the idea.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Furthermore, he wanted the facilities in the Manila campus to be used for government purposes.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> In 1939, Quezon urged the National Assembly to enact UP's relocation and on June 8, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 442 was passed, enacting the transfer of UP outside of Manila.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=442|title=An Act to Direct the Transfer of the University of the Philippines to a Site Outside the City of Manila, Appropriating Funds Therefor |date=June 3, 1939 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/legislative/commonwealth-acts/ca-no-442.php |publisher=The Corpus Juris |access-date=August 7, 2021}}</ref> A portion of Mariquina Estate, which was adjacent to Magdalena Estate, was chosen as the new site with an approximate area of {{convert|600|ha}}.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Additional land from the Diliman Estate was also added as part of the new university campus.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

====Creation of Quezon City====
[[File:Quezon Memorial Circle - top shot from City Hall (Diliman, Quezon City)(2018-02-07) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Quezon Memorial Circle]] is the focal point of the newly established capital city, site of the proposed National Capitol building.|left]]
With the development of the People's Homesite Corporation housing in the Diliman Estate and the creation of the new UP Campus, the creation of Quezon City was justified.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> On October 12, 1939, Commonwealth Act No. 502, also known as the Charter of Quezon City, was passed by the National Assembly, which created Quezon City.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=CA|number=502|title=An Act to Create Quezon City|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1939/10/12/commonwealth-act-no-502/|access-date=August 8, 2022|date=October 12, 1939|publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]|archive-date=March 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195829/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1939/10/12/commonwealth-act-no-502/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Surprisingly, Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law because he did not sign it.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The city was originally to be known as Balintawak City according to the first bill filed by Assemblyman Ramon P. Mitra Sr. from [[Mountain Province]], but Assemblymen [[Narciso Ramos]] and [[Eugenio Pérez|Eugenio Perez]], both from [[Pangasinan]], amended and successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the President in honor of his role in the creation of this new city.<ref name="QC-LGU-Ecological Profile">{{cite web |title=The Envisioned City of Quezon |date=January 8, 2021 |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-profile/ecological-profile-2015/ |publisher=Quezon City Government |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724151544/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/qc-profile/ecological-profile-2015/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="QC-FASTFACTS-RAPPLER">{{cite web |title=FAST FACTS: Quezon City |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-quezon-city |last1=Bueza |first1=Michael |publisher=Rappler |date=October 12, 2013 |access-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-date=August 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807142313/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/fast-facts-quezon-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The creation of Quezon City halted the full implementation of the Burnham Plan of Manila and funds were diverted for the establishment of the new capital.

Several barangays from different towns were carved out to correspond to the estates that PHC bought for the creation of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The new city had an area of {{convert|7355|ha|km2}}, and the barrios and sitios that were taken for its creation were the following: Bagubantay (Bago Bantay), [[Balingasa]], Balintauac (Balintawak), Kaingin, Kangkong, Loma (La Loma), Malamig, Matalahib, Masambong, San Isidro, San Jose, Santol and [[Tatalon]], were taken from [[Caloocan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Caloocan City History |url=https://caloocancity.gov.ph/26-about-us/298-history2 |publisher=Caloocan City Government |access-date=July 24, 2021 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214202349/https://caloocancity.gov.ph/26-about-us/298-history2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cubao, Diliman, Kamuning, New Manila, and [[San Francisco del Monte]] were taken from [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]]; Balara, [[Barangka|Barranca]] (Barangka), Jesus de la Peña, [[Krus na Ligas]], Tañong and the site of the new [[UP Campus, Quezon City|UP Campus]] were taken from [[Marikina]]; and, the barrios and sitios of Libis, and Ogong (Ugong Norte) from [[Pasig]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Commonwealth Act No. 659, enacted on June 21, 1941, changed the city's boundaries.<ref name="CAN659">{{cite PH act|chamber=CA|number=659|title=An act to amend sections two, three, twelve, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-four, and twenty-seven of Commonwealth Act numbered five hundred and two, and inserting new sections therein, to be known as sections thirteen-A, twenty-one-A, twenty-one-B, twenty-one-C, twenty-one-D, twenty-one-E, twenty-one-F, A and twenty-one-G|url=https://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67428:commonwealth-act-no--659&catid=92&Itemid=741|publisher=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library|date=June 21, 1941|access-date=February 21, 2024|archive-date=August 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826165250/https://lawlibrary.chanrobles.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67428:commonwealth-act-no--659&catid=92&Itemid=741|url-status=live}}</ref> Under this law, the area of [[Wack Wack Golf and Country Club]] were to be reverted to [[Mandaluyong]], and the barrios of lower Barranca and Jesus de la Peña were reverted to [[Marikina]]. However, [[Camp Crame]] was taken out of [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]] and was given to Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /><ref name="CAN659" />

1939, the year the city was established, recorded a population of 39,103 people. The city in its early days was predominantly rural, but Quezon asked American Architect William Parsons to craft a master plan for the newly created city.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Parsons was the one who advised Quezon to locate the National Government Center in Diliman instead of Wallace Field (now [[Rizal Park]]), due to the possibility of naval bombardment from [[Manila Bay]].<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> He died in December 1939 and his partner Harry T. Frost took over and become the lead planner.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Frost arrived in the Philippines on May 1, 1940, and became the architectural adviser of the Philippine Commonwealth government.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> Together with [[Juan M. Arellano]], Alpheus D. Williams, and Welton Becket, they created the [[Frost Plan|Master Plan for Quezon City]] which was approved by the Philippine government in 1941.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The [[Frost Plan]] featured wide avenues, large open spaces, and [[roundabout]]s at major intersections.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The plan for major thoroughfares made by Louis Croft for the Greater Manila Area served as the backbone for the Plan of Quezon City.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" /> The center of the city was a {{convert|400|ha|adj=on}} quadrangle formed by four avenues — [[North Avenue, Quezon City|North]], [[West Avenue, Quezon City|West]], [[Timog Avenue|South]] and [[East Avenue, Quezon City|East]] — which was designed to be the location of the National Government of the Philippines.<ref>{{cite map |author =  |title = Manila, Philippines map |trans-title =  |map =  |map-url =  |date = August 1945 |year =  |url = https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/13143272914 |scale =  |series =  |publisher = American Red Cross Service Bureau |cartography =  |page =  |pages =  |section =  |sections =  |inset =  |edition =  |location =  |language =  |format =  |isbn =  |id =  |access-date = April 25, 2021 |archive-date = October 17, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211017001834/https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/13143272914 |url-status = live }}</ref> At the northeast corner of the Quadrangle was a large roundabout, a {{convert|25|ha|adj=on}} elliptical site, were the proposed Capitol Building is envisioned to rise.<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />

To make the city accessible, Quezon ordered Luzon Bus Lines to ply from Kamuning towards [[Tutuban Center|Tutuban]] in [[Divisoria]], Manila to provide transport for the city's residents. However, the fare was not affordable to minimum wage earners. Because of the city's unaffordable housing prices and lack of transportation for low-income earners, the goal of creating mass housing for the working class was not met. Instead, those who opted to live in Quezon City consisted of middle-class households such as those in Kamuning, whose residents petitioned to rename it from ''Barrio Obrero'' (Worker's Community) to Kamuning (a type of tree that grows abundantly in the area) because its residents were not ''Obreros'' (Workers).<ref name="CorruptioninQC" />