Editing Quotation (section)

==As a literary device==
A quotation can also refer to the repeated use of units of any other form of expression, especially parts of artistic works: elements of a [[painting]], scenes from a [[film|movie]] or sections from a [[musical composition]].

===Reasons for using===
Quotations are used for a variety of reasons: to illuminate the meaning or to support the arguments of the work in which it is being quoted, to provide direct information about the work being quoted (whether in order to discuss it, positively or negatively), to pay homage to the original work or [[author]], to make the user of the quotation seem well-read, and/or to comply with copyright law.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elc.edu/english-grammar-lesson-using-quotes/|title=English Grammar Lesson - Using Quotes! - ELC|date=2016-11-16|work=ELC - English Language Center|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref> Quotations are also commonly printed as a means of inspiration and to invoke philosophical thoughts from the reader. Pragmatically speaking, quotations can also be used as language games (in the Wittgensteinian sense of the term) to manipulate social order and the structure of society.<ref>Capone, A., & Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2014). On indirect reports and language games: Evidence from Persian. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 8(2), 26-42.</ref><ref>Salmani Nodoushan, M. A. (2015). The secret life of slurs from the perspective of reported speech. Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio, 9(2), 92-112.</ref>

===Common sources===
Famous quotations are frequently collected in books that are sometimes called quotation dictionaries or treasuries.  Of these, ''[[Bartlett's Familiar Quotations]]'', ''[[The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations]]'', ''The [[Columbia University Press|Columbia]] Dictionary of Quotations'', ''[[The Yale Book of Quotations]]'' and ''The [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] Book of Proverbs, Maxims, and Famous Phrases'' are considered among the most reliable and comprehensive sources.  Diaries and calendars often include quotations for entertainment or inspirational purposes, and small, dedicated sections in newspapers and weekly magazines—with recent quotations by leading personalities on current topics—have also become commonplace.

===Misquotations===
{{Further|False attribution|Straw man}}
{{See also|List of movie misquotes}}
Many quotations are routinely incorrect or attributed to the wrong authors, and quotations from obscure or unknown writers are often attributed to far more famous writers. Examples of this are [[Winston Churchill]], to whom many political quotations of uncertain origin are attributed, and [[Oscar Wilde]], to whom anonymous humorous quotations are sometimes attributed.<ref>See ''A Book of Misquotations'', edited by Elizabeth Knowles, Oxford University Press, 2006.</ref>

Some quotations commonly believed to be quotations from literature, film, etc. do not actually appear in the source material, but are paraphrases of phrases that do. The ''Star Trek'' catchphrase "[[Beam me up, Scotty]]" did not appear in that form in the original series. Other misquotations include "[[Just the facts, ma'am]]" (attributed to [[Jack Webb]]'s character of [[Joe Friday]] on ''[[Dragnet (series)|Dragnet]]''), "Heavy lies the crown" from Shakespeare's Play [[Henry IV, Part 2]], "[[Sherlock Holmes#"Elementary, my dear Watson"|Elementary, my dear Watson]]" (attributed to [[Sherlock Holmes]]; it was, however, said in the films ''[[The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes]]'' and ''[[The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929 film)|The Return of Sherlock Holmes]]''), "[[Luke, I am your father]]" (attributed to [[Darth Vader]] in [[Star Wars]]), "[[Casablanca (film)#Inaccuracies and a misquote|Play it again, Sam]]" (attributed to Ilsa in ''[[Casablanca (film)|Casablanca]]''), "[[Do you feel lucky, punk?]]" (attributed to [[Dirty Harry (character)|Harry Callahan]] in ''[[Dirty Harry]]'') and "[[Stinking badges|We don't need no stinkin' badges!]]" (attributed to Gold Hat in ''[[The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (film)|The Treasure of the Sierra Madre]]'').<ref>The Holmes phrase originated in a radio play. See [[q:List of misquotations|List of misquotations]] and [http://www.snopes.com/quotes/signature/elementary.asp "Elementary, My Dear Watson"] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>Webb ''did'' say: "All we want are the facts ma'am". See [[Just the facts, ma'am]], [[q:List of misquotations|List of misquotations]] and [http://www.snopes.com/radiotv/tv/dragnet.asp "Just the Facts"] at Snopes.com</ref><ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/moments02.html Greatest Film Misquotes - Part 2], Tim Dirks at filmsite.org</ref><ref>{{YouTube|nsdZKCh6RsU|We Dont Need No Stinkin Badges!}} although the last of these is spoken by one of the Mexican Bandits that Hedley Lamarr attempts to hire as mercenaries in ''Blazing Saddles''</ref>

===Quotative inversion===
Quotative inversion occurs in sentences where the direct quotation can occur before a verb of saying or after a verb of saying. It can trigger inversion of the verb and the verb's [[subject (grammar)|subject]]. Subject-verb inversion occurs most often in written works, being rare in speech.<ref name="collins">{{cite journal |last1=Collins |first1=Chris |last2=Branigan |first2=Phil |title=Quotative Inversion |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=February 1997 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.1023/A:1005722729974 |s2cid=189899706 }}</ref> Quotations may appear before the inverted verb, but can also appear after the subject,<ref name="bruening">{{cite journal |last1=Bruening |first1=Benjamin |title=Alignment in Syntax: Quotative Inversion in English |journal=Syntax |date=15 April 2016 |volume=19 |issue=2 |page=113 |doi=10.1111/synt.12121 }}</ref> such as: ''"I am going to follow you all the rest of my life," declared the man'' <ref name="bruening"/> and ''Said the woman: "I see you with both my eyes."''<ref name="bruening"/>

Also referred to as inverted quotations, this technique of reversing the sequence of an existing phrase or formulation is commonly found in biblical texts, particularly the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferries |first=Ryan A. R. |date=2022 |title=Edom and Babylon: Archetypal Enemies of God and His People. A Comparative Analysis of Obadiah and Isaiah 13:2-14:23 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-99192022000300006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Old Testament Essays |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=475–495 |doi=10.17159/2312-3621/2022/v35n3a7 |issn=1010-9919|doi-access=free }}</ref> It serves to evoke various emotional and rhetorical effects, mainly to draw extra attention from the reader or listener.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyons |first=Michael A. |date=2021 |title=Local Incoherence, Global Coherence? Allusion and the Readability of Ancient Israelite Literature |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1010-99192021000100008&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Old Testament Essays |language=en |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=141–164 |doi=10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n1a9 |issn=1010-9919|hdl=10023/23302 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beentjes |first=Pancratius C. |date=1982 |title=Inverted Quotations in the Bible A Neglected Stylistic Pattern |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42707154 |journal=Biblica |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=506–523 |jstor=42707154 |issn=0006-0887}}</ref> By reversing a previously established sequence, authors can introduce surprise, emphasize key points, or create contrasts that highlight the text's significance and its connections to other biblical passages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Steyn |first=G. J. |date=2003-11-17 |title=Some observations about the Vorlage of Ps 8:5-7 in Heb 2:6-8 |url=https://verbumetecclesia.org.za/index.php/ve/article/view/334 |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=493–514 |doi=10.4102/ve.v24i2.334 |issn=2074-7705|hdl=2263/10521 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Combs |first=Jason Robert |date=January 2024 |title=An Extended Inverted Allusion to Psalm 22 in Mark 15: Reading Reversal in the Markan Passion |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0028688523000346/type/journal_article |journal=New Testament Studies |language=en |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=23–37 |doi=10.1017/S0028688523000346 |issn=0028-6885|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Syntax====
In syntactic terms, these direct quotations can be presented in two forms. The first is as the [[complement (linguistics)|complement]] of a quotative verb (e.g. Marie said: "My brother has arrived"), and the second being as a head clause with a quotative [[adjunct (grammar)|adjunct]] (e.g. "My brother has arrived", Marie announces).<ref name="sdq bonami"/> The [[verb phrase]] can be further expanded to include a complement, such as: "They'll never make it!" cried John ''to Mary''. Subjects must precede the complement, otherwise the structure formed will be ungrammatical (e.g. *"They'll never make it!" cried ''to Mary'' John).<ref name="collins"/> Quotative inversion is only allowed when the verb is in the [[simple present]] or the [[simple past]]. The most common pairing is the verb ''said'' with a [[nominal (linguistics)|nominal]] subject, such as: "That's the whole trouble," said Gwen.<ref name="anna">{{cite journal |last1=Cichosz |first1=Anna |title=Parenthetical reporting clauses in the history of English: the development of quotative inversion |journal=English Language and Linguistics |date=March 2019 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=183–214 |doi=10.1017/S1360674317000594 |s2cid=125456450 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/english-language-and-linguistics/article/parenthetical-reporting-clauses-in-the-history-of-english-the-development-of-quotative-inversion/D9796FA7297499AFD9B021EEA1A6F56C |access-date=17 April 2020|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally, [[noun phrase]]s are not permitted in addition to the subject when inversion takes place.<ref name="collins"/> They are allowed only when there is no subject-verb inversion, or when part of a preposition phrase.<ref name="bruening"/>
:: a. "Why?" Gabrielle asked the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>No subject-verb inversion</small>
:: b. "Why?" asked Gabrielle of the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>NP part of a preposition phrase</small>
:: c. ''*''"Why?" asked Gabrielle the attendant.<ref name="bruening"/> - <small>Subject-verb inversion unlikely with an NP in addition to the subject</small>

In English, both verb-subject and subject-verb word orders are permitted:

:: a. "Don't turn back!" warned Marcel.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:: b. "Who's on first?" Swami demanded.<ref name="collins"/> - <small>Subject-verb order</small>

This however, is not the case in all languages. For example, in Peninsular Spanish, this inversion is not allowed. Quotatives must follow verb-subject order:

:: a. ''«No, no es un enanito», rectifica el viejo.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Suñer |first1=Margarita |title=The Syntax of Direct Quotes with Special Reference to Spanish and English |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |date=August 2000 |volume=18 |issue=3 |page=532 |jstor=4047939 }}</ref> - <small>Verb-subject order</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", corrects the old man.

:: b. ''*«No, no es un enanito», el viejo rectifica.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matos |first1=Gabriel |title=Quotative Inversion in Peninsular Portuguese and Spanish, and in English |journal=Catalan Journal of Linguistics |date=2013 |volume=12 |page=112 |doi=10.5565/rev/catjl.86 |doi-access=free |hdl=10451/32653 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> - <small>Subject-verb order unlikely for introducing quotations</small>
:::"No, he is not a gnome", the old man corrects.

===Brackets in quotes in English language===
[[Brackets]] are used to indicate an addition or a modification from the original quote. Various uses of brackets in quotes are:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/when-to-use-brackets-in-quotes/ | title=When to Use Brackets in Quotes: Your Punctuation Guide - UoPeople | date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>
* Clarification ("She [Michelle] is an expert in botany.")
* Change in capitalization ("[a]ccording to this article, this is untrue.")
* Translation ("Hola, soy Brandon [Hello, I am Brandon].")

When "[''sic'']" is added, it means that errors are present in the original text. For example,
"Domestic cats are valued by hoomans {{sic}} for companionship."
{{main article|sic}}