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Rack and pinion
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==History== The time and place of the invention of the rack-and-pinion mechanism are unknown, but it presumably was not long after the invention of gears. The [[south-pointing chariot]] from China and the [[Antikythera mechanism]] are evidence of these being well-known already a couple of centuries [[Before Christ|BC]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} In 1598, firearms designer Zhao Shizhen developed the Xuanyuan [[arquebus]] (軒轅銃), featuring a rack-and-pinion [[matchlock]] mechanism derived from an [[Ottoman weapons|Ottoman]] Turkish matchlock design.<ref name=zhao1598>Zhao Shizhen (1598): ''Shen Qi Pu'' (神器譜)</ref> The ''[[Wu Pei Chih]]'' (1621) later described [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish [[muskets]] that used a rack-and-pinion mechanism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Needham |first=Joseph |author-link=Joseph Needham |title=Science & Civilisation in China |year=1986 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=V:7: ''The Gunpowder Epic'' |isbn=0-521-30358-3 |page=446}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=和田 |first1=博徳 |title=明代の鐡砲傳來とオスマン帝國 : 神器譜と西域土地人物略」『史學』第31巻1-4 |date=October 1958 |publisher=三田史学会、東京 |location=Tokyo |pages=692–719}}</ref> The use of a variable rack (still using a normal pinion) was invented by [[Arthur Ernest Bishop]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rack and pinion variable ratio steering gear|publisher=Google Patent Search|url=http://www.google.com/patents?vid=USPAT3753378&id=bTEwAAAAEBAJ&dq=pinion+%2Bininventor:Arthur+ininventor:E+ininventor:Bishop&jtp=1|access-date=2007-03-22}}{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in the 1970s, so as to improve vehicle response and steering "feel", especially at high speeds. He also created a low cost [[Forging|press forging]] process to manufacture the racks, eliminating the need to machine the gear teeth.
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