Editing Radical transparency (section)

==Contexts==

=== Radical corporate transparency===

Radical corporate transparency, as a philosophical concept, would involve removing all barriers to free and easy public access to corporate, political and personal (treating persons as corporations) information and the development of laws, rules, social [[connivance]] and processes that facilitate and protect such an outcome.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernardi |first1=Richard A. |last2=LaCross |first2=Catherine C. |url=http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2005/405/essentials/p34.htm |title=Corporate Transparency: Code of Ethics Disclosures |publisher=The CPA Journal |date=April 2005 |accessdate=December 25, 2011 |archive-date=January 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109142615/http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2005/405/essentials/p34.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Using these methods to 'hold corporations accountable for the benefit of everyone' was emphasised in Tapscott and Ticoll's book "The Naked Corporation"<ref>Tapscott, D., & Ticoll, D. (2003). The naked corporation: How the age of transparency will revolutionize business. New York: Free Press.</ref> in 2003. Radical transparency has also been explained by Dan Goleman as a [[management]] approach where (ideally,) all decision making is carried out publicly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danielgoleman.info/books/ecological-intelligence/|title=Ecological Intelligence – Daniel Goleman|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607132338/https://www.danielgoleman.info/books/ecological-intelligence/|url-status=live}}</ref> Specific to this approach is the potential for new technologies to reveal the eco-impact of products bought to steer consumers to make informed decisions and companies to reform their business practices.

In traditional [[public relations]] management, [[damage control (news)|damage control]] involved the suppression of public information. But, as observed by [[Clive Thompson (journalist)|Clive Thompson]] in  ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', the [[Internet]] has created a force towards transparency:
"[H]ere's the interesting paradox: The reputation economy creates an incentive to be more open, not less. Since Internet commentary is inescapable, the only way to influence it is to be part of it. Being transparent, opening up, posting interesting material frequently and often is the only way to amass positive links to yourself and thus to directly influence your Googleable reputation. Putting out more evasion or PR puffery won't work, because people will either ignore it and not link to it – or worse, pick the spin apart and enshrine ''those'' criticisms high on your Google list of life."<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Clive |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.04/wired40_ceo.html |title=The See-Through CEO |publisher=Wired |date=March 2007 |accessdate=December 25, 2011 |archive-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228154712/http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.04/wired40_ceo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mark Zuckerberg]] has opined that "more transparency should make for a more tolerant society in which people eventually accept that everybody sometimes does bad or embarrassing things."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gould |first=Emily |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/12/faith-in-facebook.html |title=Faith in Facebook |publisher=Newsweek |date=June 12, 2010 |accessdate=December 25, 2011 |archive-date=January 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123182224/http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/12/faith-in-facebook.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Radical political transparency===
Heemsbergen<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heemsbergen |first1=Luke |title=Radical Transparency and Digital Democracy |date=2021 |publisher=Emerald |location=London |doi=10.1108/9781800437623 |isbn=9781800437623 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/doi/10.1108/9781800437623 |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817085055/https://books.emeraldinsight.com/page/detail/Radical-transparency-and-digital-democracy/?k=9781800437630 |url-status=live }}</ref> argues that radical political transparency consists of actors outside of the structures of government, using new media forms, to disclose secrets to the public in ways that were previously unavailable and that create new expectations around how information should be used to govern. A prominent example of these evolutions of democracy was seen in the creation of ''[[Hansard]]'' in parliaments of the [[Westminster system]], which started in pirate markets of pamphleteers illegally sharing the 'secrets' of what was said in British Parliament.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hansard |first1=Thomas |title=Hansard's parliamentary history vol. xvii A.D. 1771–74. In Appendix to, Memoir of Brass Crosby, esq. alderman of the city of London, and Lord Mayor 1770–1771 |date=1829 |publisher=R. Jennings |location=London}}</ref> ''[[Hansard]]'' is now institutionalised in many parliaments, with full records of discussions in parliament recorded and published, while the texts of proposed laws and final laws are all, in principle, public documents.

Since the late 1990s, many national parliaments decided to publish all parliamentary debates and laws on the Internet. However, the initial texts of proposed laws and the discussions and negotiations regarding them generally occur in parliamentary commissions, which are rarely transparent, and among [[political party|political parties]], which are very rarely transparent. Moreover, given the logical and linguistic complexity of typical national laws, public [[participation (decision making)|participation]] is difficult despite the radical transparency at the formal parliamentary level.

Radical transparency has also been suggested in the context of government finance and public economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidbrin.com/radicaltransparency.html|title=Radical Transparency|author=David Brin|accessdate=January 16, 2015|archive-date=January 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150117000621/http://www.davidbrin.com/radicaltransparency.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Missed Information,<ref>{{Cite book |isbn = 978-0262034920|title = Missed Information: Better Information for Building a Wealthier, More Sustainable Future|last1 = Sarokin|first1 = David|last2 = Schulkin|first2 = Jay|date = 2016-08-26}}</ref> Sarokin and Schulkin take the concept even further, advocating for ''hypertransparency'' of government decision-making, a situation where all internal records, emails, meeting minutes and other internal information is proactively available to the public. Hypertransparency reverses the current Freedom of Information model of access only upon request, instead making all information available by default unless withheld for limited exemptions such as personal information or national security.

=== Radical educational transparency ===
A radically transparent approach is also emerging within education. [[Open educational resources]] (OER) are freely accessible, usually [[open license|openly licensed]] documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes. Although some people consider the use of an [[open format]] to be an essential characteristic of OER, this is not a universally acknowledged requirement. In addition online courses activities are also becoming increasingly more accessible for others.<ref>Baltzersen, R. K. (2010). [http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/baltzersen.html Radical transparency: Open access as a key concept in wiki pedagogy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215062212/http://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet26/baltzersen.html |date=2013-02-15 }}. ''Australasian Journal of Educational Technology'', 26(6), p.791-809. Retrieved May 13, 2013</ref> One example are the new and popular [[massive open online courses]] (MOOC).