Editing Rebadging (section)

==Examples==

=== Regional brands ===
Badge engineering often occurs when an individual manufacturer (such as the regional [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Threes]] of the United States, Europe, and Japan) owns a portfolio of different [[brand]]s and markets the same car under different brands and nameplates. The practice is used for multiple reasons. In one example, a company may do so to expand its range of different brands in a market without the cost of developing completely new models. In the United States, General Motors may sell a car through each brand; for example, the Chevrolet Tahoe, GMC Yukon, and Cadillac Escalade each share a common body.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://fourwheeltrends.com/are-cadillac-escalade-chevy-tahoe-and-gmc-yukon-the-same/ |title=Are Cadillac Escalade Chevy Tahoe and GMC Yukon The Same? |first=Kern |last=Campbell |date=28 May 2021 |website=fourwheeltrends.com |access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

In another example, the same model is rebadged when it is sold in different regions and markets. In Australia, during the 1980s and 1990s, the [[Button car plan]] required imported [[Nissan]]s and Toyotas to adopt [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and Holden (GM) nameplates. In the United Kingdom, Opel-produced vehicles are marketed under the Vauxhall brand; when sold in the United States, Opels were marketed as Saturns, Chevrolets, and Buicks. Conversely, the Australian Holden brand was never sold in North America, but the Holden Monaro and Holden Commodore were sold under the Pontiac (Pontiac GTO, Pontiac G8), Chevrolet (Chevrolet SS), and Buick (Buick Regal Sportback/Buick Regal TourX) nameplates.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

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| image1 = 2003-2004 Holden Monaro (V2 III) CV8 coupe (2008-03-25) 01.jpg
| caption1 = [[Holden Monaro#Third_generation_(2001–2006)|Holden Monaro]]
| width1 = 270
| image2 = 2005 Pontiac GTO 2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Pontiac GTO#Fifth_generation|Pontiac GTO]]
| width2 = 279
| image3 = Red Vauxhall Monaro VXR front.jpg
| caption3 = [[Holden Monaro#Vauxhall_Monaro|Vauxhall Monaro]]
| width3 = 206
}}

=== Brand expansion ===
Another way badge engineering may occur is when two separate manufacturers trade products, filling gaps in their respective product lineups. During the 1990s, Honda and Isuzu entered into such an agreement, with Isuzu marketing the first-generation [[Honda Odyssey (North America)|Honda Odyssey]] as the [[Isuzu Oasis]] as its first minivan. In return, Honda received the [[Isuzu MU#First generation (UCS55/UCS69GW; 1989–1998)|Isuzu Rodeo]] and [[Isuzu Trooper#Second generation (1991)|Isuzu Trooper]] SUVs, which became the [[Honda Passport]] and [[Isuzu Trooper#Acura SLX|Acura SLX]]; the agreement allowed both Honda and Isuzu to enter new vehicle segments without the cost of engineering an all-new vehicle design (at the same time, in Europe, the [[Honda Crossroad]] was a rebadged [[Land Rover Discovery]]).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Golden |first1=Conner |title=The Honda Crossroad Is a Rebadged Land Rover Discovery I |url= https://www.motortrend.com/vehicle-genres/honda-crossroad-land-rover-discovery/ |work=Motor Trend |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Skwarczek |first1=Matthew |title=The Least Reliable Honda Ever Is a Rebadged Land Rover Discovery |url= https://www.motorbiscuit.com/the-least-reliable-honda-ever-is-a-rebadged-land-rover-discovery/ |work=Motor Biscuit |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boothby |first1=Marcus |title=The Honda Crossroad: A poor effort |url= https://www.motordiction.com/latest/the-honda-crossroad-a-poor-effort |work=Motordiction |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

During the late 2000s and early 2010s, the [[Volkswagen Routan]] was a rebranded version of the Dodge Grand Caravan, supplied as Volkswagen sought to re-enter the North American minivan segment without the investment of federalizing its design. Assembled by Chrysler with a Chrysler powertrain, the Routan received its own styling and content features as well as a standard "sportier suspension and steering".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spencer |first1=Zack |title=Motormouth: The Complete Canadian Car Guide |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9780470964163 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mV7UM5t9cKIC&dq=Routan+suspension&pg=PT401 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

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| image1 = 2011 Chevrolet Volt 2 -- 04-21-2010.jpg
| image2 = Opel Ampera – Frontansicht, 18. Juni 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg
| footer = The [[Chevrolet Volt]] (left) and the [[Opel Ampera]] (right) are two mechanically, internally, and near-externally identical cars that share the majority of their components, however feature various different stylistic elements to cater to the design language of each brand.
}}

=== Distribution networks (Japan) ===
In Japan, automobile manufacturers differed in the marketing of their product ranges. In contrast to marketing a single vehicle under multiple brand names (with minor changes to exterior bodywork), Japanese manufacturers marketed vehicles through multiple sales networks, with a distinct vehicle being sold under various model nameplates (from a single manufacturer).

[[Toyota]] marketed the [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]] in Japan exclusively at ''[[Toyota Corolla Store]]'' locations; at ''Toyota Auto Store'' locations, it was named the [[Toyota Sprinter]]. Nissan sold the [[Nissan Cedric]] through its ''[[Nissan Motor Company#Japan|Nissan Bluebird Store]]'' network, with the identical [[Nissan Gloria]] through the ''Nissan Prince Store'' network. Honda previously marketed the [[Honda Accord]] through multiple sales networks, marketing the Accord through the ''[[Honda#Clio|Honda Clio]]'' network and renaming it as the [[Honda Vigor]] for ''Honda Verno'' locations (conversely, the Vigor was renamed the [[Honda Inspire]] for the Clio network).{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The practice of producing multiple versions of the same vehicle would eventually lead to distinct vehicles produced for export. In North America, the Toyota Sprinter was marketed as the Chevrolet Nova (and the [[Geo Prizm]] that replaced it). The Honda Vigor and Inspire were marketed as the Acura Vigor and TL; Nissan sold the Gloria in the United States as the [[Infiniti M|Infiniti M45]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

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| image1 = 1968 Toyota Corolla 1100 Deluxe.jpg
| caption1 = [[Toyota Corolla]]
| image2 = 1968 Toyota Corolla-Sprinter 01.jpg
| caption2 = [[Toyota Sprinter]]
| image3 = 3rd Honda Accord DX sedan.jpg
| caption3 = [[Honda Accord]]
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| image4 = Honda Vigor Back.jpg
| caption4 = [[Honda Vigor]]
| image5 = NISSAN Cedric.jpg
| caption5 = [[Nissan Cedric]]
| image6 = 1999 Nissan Gloria 01.jpg
| caption6 = [[Nissan Gloria]]
}}

=== Joint ventures ===
Two automakers can also pool resources by operating a [[joint venture]] to create a product and then selling each as their own. For example, [[General Motors]] and [[Toyota]] formed [[NUMMI]]. The vehicles produced from this venture (though not necessarily at NUMMI itself) included the [[Toyota Sprinter]]/[[Chevrolet Prizm]], and later the [[Toyota Matrix]]/[[Pontiac Vibe]]. In another agreement, Ford and Nissan developed and produced the [[Mercury Villager]] and [[Nissan Quest]] minivans from 1993 through 2002.

Another example was the cooperative work between [[Volkswagen]] and [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] to develop the [[Volkswagen Sharan|VW Sharan]], [[Ford Galaxy]], and [[SEAT Alhambra]].

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| image1 = 2003-2004 Pontiac Vibe -- 05-23-2010.jpg
| caption1 = [[Pontiac Vibe]]
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| image2 = 05-08 Toyota Matrix.jpg
| caption2 = [[Toyota Matrix]]
| width2 = 187
| image3 = Toyota Voltz (24391445710) (cropped).jpg
| caption3 = [[Toyota Voltz]]
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| caption4 = [[Pontiac Montana]]
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| caption5 = [[Buick GL8]]/[[Buick Terraza]]
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| image1 = VW Sharan front 20071026.jpg
| caption1 = [[VW Sharan]]
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| image2 = Ford Galaxy front 20071109.jpg
| caption2 = [[Ford Galaxy]]
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| image3 = Seat Alhambra TDI Facelift Reflexsilber.JPG
| caption3 = [[SEAT Alhambra]]
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Badge engineering may occur when one company allows another, otherwise unaffiliated, company to market a revised version of their product through an OEM deal, as with [[Volkswagen]] marketing a modified version of the [[Dodge Caravan]] and [[Chrysler Town and Country]] minivans as the [[Volkswagen Routan]] (2009–2014).

Another example was the joint venture of Mitsubishi and Chrysler that resulted in vehicles produced by [[Diamond-Star Motors]] that were marketed under various nameplates from 1985 until 1993.

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| image1 = 2008 Chrysler Town & Country LX.jpg
| caption1 = [[Chrysler Town & Country]]<br/>(fifth generation)
| width1 = 202
| image2 = Dodge Grand Caravan SXT.jpg
| caption2 = [[Dodge Grand Caravan]]<br/>(fifth generation)
| width2 = 187
| image3 = Volkswagen Routan.jpg
| caption3 = [[Volkswagen Routan]]
| width3 = 193
| image4 = Lancia Voyager 2.8 MultiJet 16v Gold – Frontansicht, 10. März 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg
| caption4 = Lancia Voyager
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==== China ====
In China, foreign manufacturers were required to form a joint venture with a local manufacturer to manufacture automobiles in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Impact of China Removal of Foreign Ownership Restrictions in Auto Sector |url= https://www.kwm.com/en/de/knowledge/insights/impact-of-china-removal-of-foreign-ownership-restrictions-in-auto-sector-20200414|access-date=8 December 2020 |website=kwm.com}}</ref> Prior to 2022, the Chinese government dictates that no more than two joint ventures are allowed for each foreign investor.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Foreign Investment: Expert Q&A – Spotlight on Automotive Manufacturing |url= https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-id/knowledge/publications/100ea852/china-foreign-investment-expert-q-and-a-spotlight-on-automotive-manufacturing |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=nortonrosefulbright.com |language=en-ID}}</ref> Larger foreign manufacturers often set up two joint ventures to maximize the market reach, including Toyota ([[FAW Toyota]] and [[GAC Toyota]]), Ford (JMC-Ford and [[Changan Ford]]), Volkswagen ([[SAIC Volkswagen|SAIC-VW]] and [[FAW-Volkswagen|FAW-VW]]) and Honda ([[Dongfeng Honda]] and [[Guangqi Honda]]). To distribute the production and sales rights to each joint venture, manufacturers often resort to a similar strategy deployed in Japan: simply producing the exact model under two different names with minor changes to exterior bodywork.

GAC Toyota has produced the Levin as a twin model to the FAW Toyota-built [[Toyota Corolla|Corolla]] and the Wildlander as the alternative to the [[Toyota RAV4|RAV4]]. Honda awarded several models to two joint ventures, which spawned the Breeze from the original [[Honda CR-V|CR-V]], the [[Honda Elysion|Elysion]] from the [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Odyssey]], the XR-V from the [[Honda HR-V|HR-V]], and others.

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| image1 = FAW-Toyota Corolla Hybrid E210 of guangzhou auto show 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption1 = [[Toyota Corolla (E210)|FAW-Toyota Corolla]]
| width1 = 225
| image2 = GAC Toyota Levin Hybrid E210 of guangzhou auto show 2018 (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = [[Toyota Levin (E210)|GAC-Toyota Levin]]
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| image1 = Honda Vezel 01 Auto China 2014-04-23.jpg
| caption1 = [[Honda Vezel|GAC-Honda Vezel]]
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In other cases, foreign manufacturers may also rebadge a model developed by its partner, sometimes for exports to other markets. Examples include the second generation [[Chevrolet Captiva]] which is an export version of the [[Baojun 530]] made by [[SAIC-GM-Wuling]], or the [[Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]], a reworked version of the [[Yusheng S330]] developed by [[Jiangling Motors|Jiangling Motors (JMC)]].

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| image1 = JMC Yunsheng S330 facelift 8.14.18.jpg
| caption1 = [[Yusheng S330|JMC Yusheng S330]]
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| image2 = Ford Territory CN 01 China 2019-04-04.jpg
| caption2 = [[Ford Territory (China)|Ford Territory]]
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=== Life cycle extension ===
Badge engineering could be used as a strategy to lengthen the life cycle of a vehicle. After a product has reached the end of its life cycle, it may be transferred to another brand, mostly from the same holding company or joint venture. Examples include the [[SEAT Exeo]], a rebadged [[Audi A4#B7|Audi A4 B7]] with reworked styling, which was built in Spain from used production tooling from the Audi plant in [[Ingolstadt]] after the A4 B7 production had ended. The tooling was dismantled from Ingolstadt and was sent to the SEAT manufacturing plant in [[Martorell]], Spain, to be reinstalled.<ref name="AW">{{cite web|date=20 June 2008|title=Spain: SEAT Exeo to supplement, not replace Toledo|url= http://www.automotiveworld.com/news/oems-and-markets/69066-spain-seat-exeo-to-supplement-not-replace-toledo |access-date=26 January 2010 |website=automotiveworld.com}}</ref><ref name="CAR">{{cite web|date=23 June 2008|title=SEAT names its new Exeo flagship|url= http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/Seat-Names-Its-New-Exeo-Flagship/ |access-date=26 January 2010 |website=carmagazine.co.uk}}</ref>

Another example is the Dongfeng Fengdu MX6, which was produced after the near-identical [[Nissan X-Trail#T31|Nissan X-Trail (T31)]] production had ended,<ref>{{cite web|title=Dongfeng Fengdu MX6 hits the Chinese auto market|url= https://carnewschina.com/2015/03/24/dongfeng-fengdu-mx6-hits-the-chinese-auto-market/ |website=carnewschina.com|date= 24 March 2015 }}</ref> and the Maruti Suzuki Zen Estilo, which is based on the then-recently discontinued [[Suzuki MR Wagon]]. The advantage of this strategy is amortized tooling costs, which means the vehicle can be produced at a higher margin of profit (or a lower price, or both).

{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Audi A4 3.2 sedan -- 02-28-2011 1.jpg
| caption1 = [[Audi A4#B7|Audi A4 (B7)]]
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| image2 = 2011 SEAT Exeo Sport Tech CR TDi 168 2.0 Front.jpg
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| image1 = Nissan X-Trail T31 facelift China 2016-04-13.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nissan X-Trail#T31|Nissan X-Trail (T31)]]
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| caption2 = Dongfeng Fengdu MX6
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===Luxury vehicles===
Badge engineering occurs in the [[luxury car|luxury]]-type market segments. An automobile manufacturer will use a model from its mainstream brand as a basis for a model under a premium marque by upgrading its features, technology, and/or styling. Along with visible cosmetic differences, premium models may also receive upgraded drivetrains.

An example of this is that [[Ford Motor Company]] marketed its mainstream [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] mid-size sedan as the [[Lincoln MKZ]]; the [[Ford Expedition]] SUV is sold as the [[Lincoln Navigator]]. A more controversial example was the [[Toyota iQ#Aston Martin Cygnet|Aston Martin Cygnet]], a rebadged version of the [[Toyota iQ]] city car (intended to comply with EU emissions regulations). While fitted with model-specific trim and a luggage set, the Cygnet nearly tripled the price of the iQ.<ref name="Fingleton"/><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Meiners |first=Jens |date=December 2009|title=2011 Aston Martin Cygnet The only Aston with a CVT |url= http://www.caranddriver.com/news/2011-aston-martin-cygnet-official-photos-and-info |magazine=Car and Driver |access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Estrada |first=Zac |date=10 January 2013 |title=The Aston Martin Cygnet Is Dead And Now We Want One |url= http://jalopnik.com/the-aston-martin-cygnet-is-dead-and-now-we-want-one-1433551341 |access-date=6 April 2015 |work=jalopnik}}</ref> Alternatively, [[VW Group]] under [[Ferdinand Piëch]] used the reverse of this in some circumstances, engineering the more luxurious model first and then remove features for models from less prestigious marques. Examples include the [[Lamborghini Gallardo]]/[[Audi R8]] and the [[Audi A4]]/[[Volkswagen Passat]].

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| caption1 = [[Chevrolet Suburban]]
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| image2 = 2015 GMC Yukon XL SLT, front 2.29.20.jpg
| caption2 = [[GMC Yukon XL]]
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| image3 = 2018 Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum front 4.6.19.jpg
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| image1 = 2018 Ford Expedition XLT, front 8.25.19.jpg
| caption1 = [[Ford Expedition]]
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| image2 = 2019 Lincoln Navigator L 3.5, front 8.23.19.jpg
| caption2 = [[Lincoln Navigator|Lincoln Navigator L Black Label]]
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| image1 = 2006_Ford_Fusion_(US).jpg
| caption1 = [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]]
| image2 = Mercury Milan V6 Premier 2007 (15402952841).jpg
| caption2 = [[Mercury Milan]]
| image3 = Lincoln MKZ.jpg
| caption3 = [[Lincoln MKZ|Lincoln MKZ (Zephyr)]]
}}

=== Platform sharing ===
Along with rebadging and badge engineering, platform sharing is common throughout the automotive industry. Alongside a shared chassis (though unibody construction is nearly universal in cars and many light trucks), platform sharing also standardizes components such as drivetrain, suspensions, components, and other technologies. General Motors used the [[General Motors B platform|B platform]] for many of its non-Cadillac full-size vehicles (nearly exclusively from 1959 through 1985), while Chrysler used its [[Chrysler B platform|B platform]] for intermediates and its [[Chrysler C platform|C platform]] for (non-Imperial) full-size cars.

The [[Volkswagen Group]] uses platform sharing as its business strategy to improve its profitability and growth.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Seabaugh |first=Christian |date=20 December 2011 |title=Volkswagen Parts, Platform Sharing to Intensify Across Brands |url= https://www.motortrend.com/news/volkswagen-parts-platform-sharing-to-intensify-across-brands-148649/ |magazine=Motor Trend |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> For example, [[Audi]] uses components from their more pedestrian counterparts, sold as Volkswagen mass-market brands.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham |first=Wayne |date=2 February 2012 |title=New platform brings Volkswagen and Audi models closer |url= https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/new-platform-brings-volkswagen-and-audi-models-closer/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |work=CNET |quote=Volkswagen developed its MQB, or Modular Transverse Matrix, platform to improve manufacturing efficiency. Volkswagen, Audi, Seat, and Skoda models will be built on the MQB platform}}</ref> As an effort to place Audi as a "premium" marque, Volkswagen often introduces new technologies in Audi-branded cars before fitting them to mainstream products (such as the [[Direct-Shift Gearbox]]). In production, platform sharing is used extensively, with the modular [[Volkswagen Group MQB platform|MQB platform]] underpinning a range of vehicles from the [[Audi A1]] to the [[Volkswagen Atlas]]. The previous [[Volkswagen Group D platform|D platform]] of the 2000s was used for the [[Volkswagen Phaeton]] and [[Bentley Continental GT]] (built in steel) and the [[Audi A8]] (built in aluminum).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Csere |first=Csaba |date=June 2003 |title=Platform Sharing for Dummies |url= https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a15135581/platform-sharing-for-dummies-feature/ |magazine=Car and Driver |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>

In the Japanese automotive industry, platform sharing has expanded model offerings in North America. While the initial [[Lexus LS]] was developed specifically for the American market, the later [[Lexus ES]] has shared a platform (but not a body) with the [[Toyota Camry]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Elias |first=Mark |date=6 November 2012 |title=First Drive: 2013 Toyota Avalon [Review]|url= http://www.leftlanenews.com/toyota-avalon-first-drive-review.html |access-date=20 December 2020 |work=Left Lane News |quote=The new Avalon shares powertrains and platforms with its little sister, the Toyota Camry, and its cousin, the Lexus ES 350.}}</ref> (since 2013, the [[Toyota Avalon]], itself also based on the Camry). Exclusive primarily to North America, Honda uses a common platform to produce the American version of the Odyssey minivan, also underpinning the [[Honda Pilot]] and Honda Passport SUVs, the [[Acura MDX]] CUV, and the [[Honda Ridgeline (second generation)|Honda Ridgeline]] mid-size pickup truck.

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| image1 = 2009-2010 Holden VE Commodore SS V sedan 01.jpg
| caption1 = [[Holden Commodore (VE)]]
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| image2 = 2010 Chevrolet Camaro -- NHTSA 2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Chevrolet Camaro (fifth generation)]]
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| footer = The Fifth generation Chevrolet Camaro was based on the [[Holden]] developed [[General Motors Zeta platform]], originally used by the VE series Holden Commodore.
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