Editing Red Cloud (section)

==Warriorship==

===Red Cloud's War===
{{main|Red Cloud's War}}

Red Cloud's War was the name the U.S. Army gave to a series of conflicts fought with Native American Plains tribes in the [[Wyoming Territory|Wyoming]] and [[Montana Territory|Montana]] Territories. The battles were waged between the Northern [[Cheyenne people|Cheyenne]], allied with [[Lakota people|Lakota]] and [[Arapaho people|Arapaho]] bands, against the Army from 1866 to 1868. In December 1866, the Native American allies attacked and defeated a United States unit in what they would call the [[Fetterman Massacre]] (or the Battle of the Hundred Slain), which resulted in the most U.S. casualties of any Plains battle up to that point.<ref>{{cite book| last= Viola| first= Herman J.| title= Trail to Wounded Knee: The Last Stand of the Plains Indians 1860–1890| place= Washington, DC| publisher= National Geographic Society| year= 2004| isbn= 9780792282235}}</ref>
[[File:Red Cloud.JPG|left|thumb|upright|Red Cloud]]

Captain [[William J. Fetterman]] was sent from [[Fort Phil Kearny]] with two civilians and 79 cavalry and infantrymen to chase away a small Native American war party that had attacked a wood-gathering party days before. Captain Frederick Brown accompanied Fetterman; the two were confident in their troops and anxious to go to battle with the Native Americans. They disobeyed orders to stay behind the Lodge Trail Ridge and pursued a small decoy band of warriors led by a Native American on an injured horse. The decoy was the prominent warrior [[Crazy Horse]]. Fetterman and his troops followed the decoy into an ambush by more than 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. Combined Native American forces suffered only 14 casualties, while they killed the entire 81-man U.S. detachment.

Following this battle, a U.S. peace commission toured the Plains in 1867 to gather information to help bring about peace among the tribes and with the U.S. Finding that the Native Americans had been provoked by white encroachment and competition for resources, the commission recommended assigning definite territories to the Plains tribes. The Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, Arapaho, and other bands settled for peace with the U.S. under the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]]. The U.S. agreed to abandon its forts and withdraw from Lakota territory.

===Treaty of 1868===
[[File:New York City - the Sioux Chief, Red Cloud, in the Great Hall of the Cooper Institute, surrounded by the Indian delegation of braves and squaws, addressing a New York audience on the wrongs LCCN93511308 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Original caption: “Red Cloud, in the Great Hall of the [[Cooper Union|Cooper Institute]], surrounded by the Indian delegation of braves and squaws [sic], addressing a New York audience on the wrongs done to his people”]]
The treaty established the [[Great Sioux Reservation]], covering the territory of West River, west of the Missouri River in present-day Nebraska (which had been admitted as a state in 1867), and including parts of South Dakota. Uneasy relations between the expanding United States and the natives continued. In 1870, Red Cloud visited Washington D.C. and met with Commissioner of Indian Affairs [[Ely S. Parker]] (a [[Seneca nation|Seneca]] and U.S. Army General), and President [[Ulysses S. Grant]].

In 1871, the government established the [[Red Cloud Agency]] on the [[Platte River]], downstream from [[Fort Laramie]]. By 1874 it had been moved to Nebraska, with [[Fort Robinson]] located nearby. Red Cloud took his band to the agency (a predecessor of the [[Indian reservation|Native American reservation]]), ready to receive government aid. Yet that aid was usually less than stipulated, and usually inferior in quality.<ref name="mj">{{cite book |last1=Jaffe |first1=Mark |title=The Gilded Dinosaur: The Fossil War between E.D. Cope and O.C. Marsh and the Rise of American Science |date=2000 |publisher=Three Rivers Press |location=New York |isbn=9780609807057 |pages=116–120}}</ref>

According to Charles A. Eastman (Ohiyesa) Red Cloud  was the last to sign "..having refused to do so until all of the forts within their territory should be vacated. All of his demands were acceded to, the new road abandoned, the garrisons withdrawn, and the new treaty distinctly stated that the Black Hills and the Big Horn were Indian countries, set apart for their perpetual occupancy and that no white man should enter that region without the consent of the Sioux. ... Scarcely was this treaty signed, however, when gold was discovered in the Black Hills, and the popular cry was: "Remove the Indians!"... The government, at first, entered some small protest, just enough to "save its face"... but there was no serious attempt to prevent the wholesale violation of the treaty and the loss of the Black Hills."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/336|title=Indian Heroes and Great Chieftains|first=Charles A.|last=Eastman|date=July 5, 2008|via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>

===Great Sioux War of 1876===
{{details|Great Sioux War of 1876}}

[[File:Red Cloud and other Sioux.jpg|thumb|Seated, L to R: [[Yellow Bear]], Red Cloud, Big Road, [[Little Wound]], Black Crow; Standing, L to R: Red Bear, [[They Fear Even His Horses]], Good Voice, Ring Thunder, Iron Crow, White Tail, Young Spotted Tail, ca. 1860–1880]]
Red Cloud settled at the agency with his band by the fall of 1873. He soon became embroiled in a controversy with the new Indian agent, Dr. John J. Saville.

In 1874, Lieutenant Colonel [[George Armstrong Custer|George Custer]] led a reconnaissance mission into Sioux territory that reported gold in the [[Black Hills]], an area held sacred by the local Native Americans. Previously, the army had unsuccessfully tried to keep miners out of the region, and the threat of violence grew. In May 1875, Lakota delegations headed by Red Cloud, [[Spotted Tail]], and [[Lone Horn]] traveled to Washington in an attempt to persuade President Grant to honor existing treaties and stem the flow of miners into their lands. The Native Americans met on various occasions with Grant, Secretary of the Interior [[Columbus Delano|Delano]], and Commissioner of Indian Affairs [[Edward Parmelee Smith|Smith]]. He told them on May 27 that Congress was ready to resolve the matter by paying the tribes $25,000 for their land and resettling them into [[Indian Territory]]. The delegates refused to sign such a treaty, with Spotted Tail saying about the proposal:

<blockquote>When I was here before, the President gave me my country, and I put my stake down in a good place, and there I want to stay. ... You speak of another country, but it is not my country; it does not concern me, and I want nothing to do with it. I was not born there. ... If it is such a good country, you ought to send the white men now in our country there and let us alone.<ref>{{cite book|last=Griske|first=Michael|title=The Diaries of John Hunton|publisher=Heritage Books|year=2005|pages=64–69|isbn=978-0-7884-3804-2}}</ref></blockquote>

Although Red Cloud was unsuccessful in finding a peaceful solution, he did not take part in the [[Great Sioux War of 1876]], which was led by ''Tȟašúŋke Witkó'' ([[Crazy Horse]]) and ''Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake'' ([[Sitting Bull]]).

In the fall of 1877, the Red Cloud Agency was removed to the upper [[Missouri River]]. The following year, it was removed to the forks of the [[White River (Missouri River)|White River]] in present-day South Dakota, where it was renamed the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]].