Editing Redbrick university (section)

== Civic university movement ==
The civic university movement started with the foundation of Owens College in Manchester in 1851 and of other university colleges in major provincial cities in the later 19th century, where there was strong demand for a scientifically and technically educated workforce. These focused on science and engineering, in contrast to the liberal arts focus of the ancient universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and the pre-Victorian [[University of Durham]] (although Durham did establish Britain's first engineering school in 1837), owing their heritage more to [[University College London]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Egiins |first=Heather|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WX0fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|title=Access and Equity, Comparative Perspectives |location=Rotterdam, Netherlands |publisher=Sense |pages=11–12 |isbn=978-94-6091-184-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8pHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54|page=54|title=Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges|author=Joseph Thomas Fowler|publisher=F. E. Robinson|date= 1904}}</ref><ref name="Norwich">{{cite book |last=Sanderson |first=Michael |year=2002 |title=The History of the University of East Anglia, Norwich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50HjSi5o8J0C&pg=PA3 |location=London |publisher=Hambledon & London |page=3 |isbn=978-1852853365 |access-date=6 May 2014 }}</ref> The redbrick universities developed out of these 19th-century [[University college#United Kingdom|university colleges]], providing degrees initially through the [[University of London Worldwide|external examinations of the University of London]], through membership of the federal [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]], or through association with the University of Durham. From 1889, the government supported the eight redbrick colleges then in existence with grants; Reading was added to the grant in 1901.<ref name=Grants>{{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1889/aug/16/class-iv#S3V0339P0_18890816_HOC_256|title= CLASS IV.  |website=[[Hansard]]|date=16 August 1889}}</ref><ref name=Reading/>

Six of the civic colleges became universities prior to the first world war. Owens College joined with the Royal School of Medicine and Surgery (established in 1824) in 1876 and was the founding college of the Victoria University in 1880 and then became the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] in 1903; it merged with the [[University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology]] to form the current [[University of Manchester]] in 2004.<ref name="University of Manchester: History">{{cite web|url=https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/history-heritage/history/victoria/|access-date=3 April 2025|title=History of the Victoria University of Manchester}}</ref> Mason Science College in Birmingham was established in 1875, becoming Mason University College in 1898 and then the [[University of Birmingham]] in 1900.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/university/history-and-heritage/our-heritage|title=Our Heritage|website=University of Birmingham|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref> The Yorkshire College of Science was founded in Leeds in 1874. In 1884 this merged with the [[Leeds School of Medicine]] (founded in 1831) and in 1886 joined the Victoria University before becoming an independent university in 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leeds.ac.uk/about/doc/about-history|title= Our history|website=University of Leeds|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref> [[University College, Bristol]] was established in 1876 as the first university-level institution in Britain to admit both women and men. It merged with Bristol Medical School (founded 1833) in 1893 and became a university in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bristol.ac.uk/university/history/|title=History of the University|website=University of Bristol|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref> University College, Liverpool was established in 1881 and became part of the Victoria University in 1884 and then an independent university in 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/about/our-history/|title=Our history|website=University of Liverpool|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref> Firth College, Sheffield, was established in 1879. In 1897 this merged with Sheffield Medical School (founded 1828) and Sheffield Technical School (founded 1884), becoming University College, Sheffield. This became the University of Sheffield in 1905.<ref name="SheffFacts">{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/about/facts|title=Facts and figures|date=7 September 2021 |publisher=University of Sheffield|access-date=3 April 2025}}</ref> 

Of the redbricks that gained independent university status later, the science college in Newcastle was established in associated with Durham University in 1871, later being renamed Armstrong College, and became, with the medical college in Newcastle (established in 1834 and associated with Durham from 1852) the Newcastle division of the federal University of Durham in 1909. Armstrong College and the medical college merged in 1937 to form King's College, which became the independent University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1963.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncl.ac.uk/about/history/|title=History of the University|publisher=Newcastle University|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Reading was established as an extension college by the [[University of Oxford]] in 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science; it became a university in 1926.<ref name=Reading>{{cite web|url=http://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/staffportal/news/articles/spsn-357935.aspx|title=The University of Reading is 85 years old|date=16 March 2011|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> Nottingham was established as a civic college in 1881 and students took external degrees of the University of London until it received its royal charter as a university in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nottingham.ac.uk/about/history/abriefhistoryoftheuniversity.aspx|title=A brief history of the University|publisher=University of Nottingham|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref>

[[Combined English Universities (UK Parliament constituency)|Combined English Universities]] was a [[university constituency]] in the [[UK Parliament]] created by the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] for graduates of [[Durham University]] (including Newcastle) and the six pre-World War One redbricks (Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield). Graduates of [[Oxford University (UK Parliament constituency)|Oxford]], [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]], and [[London University (UK Parliament constituency)|London]] (including graduates from redbricks that had taken London degrees) had already been enfranchised and graduates of the [[University of Wales (UK Parliament constituency)|University of Wales]] were enfranchised at the same time. [[Reading University]] was added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928 (prior to this its graduates, taking London degrees, would have joined the London constituency). The constituency was abolished in 1950.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pugh, Martin|title=Electoral Reform in War and Peace 1906-18|date=1978|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|author1-link=Martin Pugh (author)}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! University charter awarded
! Predecessor institutions
! Image
! Notes
|-
| [[Victoria University (UK)|Victoria University]]
| 1880<br>(defunct 1903)
| Owens College, Manchester (1851)<ref name=VicManHist>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/victoria/|title=History of the Victoria University of Manchester|publisher=University of Manchester|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref><br/>Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824)<ref name=VicManHist/><br/>[[Leeds School of Medicine]] (1831)<ref name=LeedsHeritage>{{cite web|url=https://www.leeds.ac.uk/info/5000/about/133/heritage|title=Heritage|publisher=University of Leeds|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref><br/>Yorkshire College of Science (1874)<ref name=LeedsHeritage/><br/>University College Liverpool (1881)<br />
| [[File:Former County Court, Quay Street, Manchester 3.JPG|200px]]
| The Victoria University was a federal university based in Manchester with colleges in Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. It was defunct by 1903 as the colleges sought independent university status, leading to the formation of the [[Victoria University of Manchester]] from the merger of the Victoria University with Owens College, Manchester, in 1903. This new institution later merged with [[UMIST]] to form the [[University of Manchester]] in 2004.
|-
| [[University of Birmingham]]
| 1900
| [[Birmingham Medical School]] (1825)<br>[[Mason Science College]] (1875)<br>Mason University College (1898)
| [[File:Birmingham University of Birmingham - panoramio (1).jpg|200px]]
| The first independent civic university to be awarded full university status by Royal Charter.
|-
| [[University of Liverpool]]
| 1903
| University College, Liverpool (1881)
| [[File:Victoria Clock Tower, Liverpool University - geograph.org.uk - 374422.jpg|200px]]
| Part of the Victoria University from 1884. Gained independent university status in 1903.
|-
| [[University of Manchester]]
| 1903 (as Victoria University of Manchester)<br> 2004 (as University of Manchester)
| Victoria University of Manchester (1903) (Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824); Owens College, Manchester (1851); Victoria University (1880));<br>[[UMIST]] (1956) ([[Mechanics' Institute, Manchester]] (1824); Manchester Technical School (1883))<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/history-heritage/history/umist/|title=History of UMIST|publisher=University of Manchester|access-date=1 January 2017}}</ref>
| [[File:Whitworth Hall Manchester.jpg|200px]]
| The federal Victoria University existed between 1880 and 1903. The Victoria University of Manchester was granted a royal charter as its successor institution in 1903 and merged with Owens College, which had previously merged with the Royal School of Medicine and Surgery in 1872. The Manchester Mechanics' Institute, formed in 1824, became the Manchester Technical School in 1884 and then UMIST in 1956; it merged with the Victoria University of Manchester in 2004 to form the current University of Manchester.
|-
| [[University of Leeds]]
| 1904
| [[Leeds School of Medicine]] (1831)<br/>Yorkshire College of Science (1874)
| [[Image:Great Hall Leeds.jpg|200px]]
| Yorkshire College of Science became Yorkshire College then merged with the School of Medicine in 1884. Part of the Victoria University from 1886 to 1903.<ref name=LeedsHeritage/>
|-
| [[University of Sheffield]]
| 1905
| [[Sheffield Medical School]] (1828);<br/>Firth College (1879);<br/>Sheffield Technical School (1884);<br/>University College of Sheffield (1897)
| [[Image:Firth Court from Octagon.jpg|200px]]
|
|-
| [[University of Bristol]] 
| 1909
| University College Bristol (1876)
| [[Image:University of bristol tower after cleaning arp.jpg|200px]]
| 
|-
| [[University of Reading]]
| 1926
| University College Reading (1892)
| [[Image:University of Reading War Memorial.jpg|200px]]
| 
|-
| [[University of Nottingham]]
| 1948
| University College Nottingham (1881)
| [[Image:0130 - England, Nottingham, Trent Building HDR -HQ-.jpg|200px]]
| 
|-
| [[Newcastle University]]
| 1963
| Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine (later Durham University College of Medicine) (1834);<br/>Durham College of Science (later Armstrong College) (1871);<br/> Merged to form King's College (1937)
| [[Image:Armstrong_Building,_Newcastle_University,_7_September_2013_(01).jpg|200px]]
| Truscot states in ''Red Brick'' that "[Durham's] Newcastle college, perhaps, can properly find a place in this survey"<ref name=Truscot1951/>
|}