Editing Reindeer (section)

== Status ==
About 25,000 mountain reindeer (''R. t. tarandus'') still live in the mountains of Norway, notably in [[Hardangervidda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The wild reindeer areas in Norway |url=https://www.villrein.no/the-wild-reindeer-areas-in-norway |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=Villrein.no - alt om villrein |language=no-NO}}</ref> In Sweden there are approximately 250,000 reindeer in herds managed by [[Sámi peoples|Sámi]] villages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sami reindeer herding in Sweden |work=Sametinget |url=https://www.sametinget.se/rennaring_sverige |access-date=2023-11-08 |language=sv-SE}}</ref> [[Reindeer in Russia|Russia manages]] 19 herds of Siberian tundra reindeer (''R. t. sibiricus'') that total about 940,000.<ref name="Mizin-2018b">Mizin, I.A. (2018) The current state of the wild reindeer in Russia - general overview of the situation. Barents office of WWF Russia Russian Arctic National Park for World Wildlife Fund, Arkhangelsk, Russia, 8 pp.</ref> The [[Reindeer in Russia#Taimyr reindeer herd|Taimyr herd]] of Siberian tundra reindeer is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world,<ref name="NOAA2013">{{cite book |chapter=Migratory Tundra ''Rangifer'' |first1=D.E. |last1=Russell |first2=A. |last2=Gunn |pages=96–101 |publisher=NOAA Arctic Research Program |url=https://arctic.noaa.gov/Portals/7/ArcticReportCard/Documents/ArcticReportCard_full_report2013.pdf?ver=2019-06-14-143309-477 |editor-last1=Jeffries |editor-first1=M. O. |editor-last2=Richter-Menge |editor-first2=J. A. |editor-last3=Overland |editor-first3=J. E. |date=20 November 2013 |title=Arctic Report Card 2013 |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026160441/https://arctic.noaa.gov/Portals/7/ArcticReportCard/Documents/ArcticReportCard_full_report2013.pdf?ver=2019-06-14-143309-477 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kolpashikov">{{Cite journal |doi=10.5751/ES-07129-200109| title=The role of harvest, predators, and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America| journal=Ecology and Society| volume=20| year=2015| last1=Kolpasсhikov| first1=L.| last2=Makhailov| first2=V.| last3=Russell| first3=D. E.| doi-access=free| url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/9749/ES-2014-7129.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|issn = 1708-3087 }}</ref> varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000; it is a metapopulation consisting of several subpopulations — some of which are phenotypically different<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shapkin, A. |date=2017 |title=About phenotypic variability of taimyr tundra wild reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus'') |language=ru, en |journal=Genetika i razvedenie životnyh |trans-journal=[[Genetics and Breeding of Animals]] |volume=1 |pages=22–30}}</ref> — with different migration routes and calving areas.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kholodova, M.V. |author2=Kolpashchikov, L.A. |author3=Kuznetsova, M.V. |author4=Baranova, A.I. |date=2011 |title=Genetic diversity of wild reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus'') of Taimyr: analysis of polymorphism of the control region of mitochondrial DNA |journal=[[Biology Bulletin]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=42–49|doi=10.1134/S1062359011010067 |bibcode=2011BioBu..38...42K |s2cid=9180267 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Krivoshapkin, A.A. |date=2016 |title=Миграция диких северных оленей (''Rangifer tarandus'' L.) таймырской популяции на территорию северо-западной Якутии |trans-title=Migration of wild reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus'' L.) of the Taimyr population to the territory of northwestern Yakutia |journal=ВЕСТНИК СВФУ |trans-journal=[[SVFU Bulletin]] Биологические науки [Biological Sciences] |volume=6 |pages=15–20}}</ref> The Kamchatkan reindeer (''R. t. phylarchus''), a forest subspecies, formerly included reindeer west of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] which, however, are indistinguishable genetically from the Jano-Indigirka, [[East Siberian taiga]] and [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukotka]] populations of ''R. t. sibiricus''.<ref name="Rozhkov-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Rozhkov |first1=Yu.I. |last2=Davydov |first2=A.V. |last3=Morgunov |first3=N.A. |last4=Osipov |first4=K.I. |last5=Novikov |first5=B.V. |last6=Mayorov |first6=A.I. |last7=Tinaev |first7=N.I. |last8=Chekalova |first8=T.M. |last9=Yakimov |first9=O.A. |date=2020 |title=Генетическая Дифференциация Северного Оленя ''Rangifer tarandus'' L. По Пространству Евразии В Связи С Особенностями Его Деления На Подвиды |trans-title=Genetic Differentiation of the Reindeer ''Rangifer tarandus'' L. Across Eurasia in Connection with the Peculiarities of Its Division into Subspecies |journal=Кролиководство И Звероводство |trans-journal=Rabbit Breeding and Fur Farming |department=Геномика [Genomics] |issue=2 |pages=23–36 |language=ru |doi=10.24411/0023-4885-2020-10203 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref> Siberian tundra reindeer herds have been in decline but are stable or increasing since 2000.<ref name="Mizin-2018b" />

Insular (island) reindeer, classified as the Novaya Zemlya reindeer (''R. t. pearsoni'') occupy several island groups: the [[Novaya Zemlya]] Archipelago (about 5,000 animals at last count, but most of these are either domestic reindeer or domestic-wild hybrids), the [[New Siberia]] Archipelago (about 10,000 to 15,000), and [[Wrangel Island]] (200 to 300 feral domestic reindeer).<ref name="Mizin-2018a" />

What was once the second largest herd is the migratory Labrador caribou (''R. t. caboti'')<ref name="Harding-2022" /> [[Migratory woodland caribou#George River caribou herd (GRCH)|George River herd]] in Canada, with former variations between 28,000 and 385,000. As of January 2018, there are fewer than 9,000 animals estimated to be left in the George River herd, as reported by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/george-river-caribou-ban-5-years-1.4506775|title=Tradition 'snatched away': Labrador Inuit struggle with caribou hunting ban {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-U.S.}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported in April 2018 of the disappearance of the only herd of southern mountain woodland caribou in the [[contiguous United States]], with an expert calling it "functionally extinct" after the herd's size dwindled to a mere three animals.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/14/science/gray-ghost-caribou-extinct.html|title=Gray Ghosts, the Last Caribou in the Lower 48 States, Are 'Functionally Extinct'|last=Robbins|first=Jim|date=14 April 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=18 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After the last individual, a female, was translocated to a wildlife rehabilitation center in Canada, caribou were considered extirpated from the [[contiguous United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/species/rangifer-tarandus#desc-range|title = Woodland caribou}}</ref> The [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] (COSEWIC) classified both the Southern Mountain population DU9 (''R. t. montanus'') and the Central Mountain population DU8 (''R. t. fortidens'') as Endangered and the Northern Mountain population DU7 (''R. t. osborni'') as Threatened.<ref>{{cite report |author=COSEWIC |date=2014 |title=COSEWIC assessment and status report on the caribou ''Rangifer tarandus'', Northern Mountain population, Central Mountain population and Southern Mountain population in Canada |place=Ottawa, Ontario |publisher=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) |url=https://wildlife-species.canada.ca/species-risk-registry/virtual_sara/files/cosewic/sr_Caribou_Northern_Central_Southern_2014_e.pdf}}</ref>

Some species and subspecies are rare and three subspecies have already become extinct: the [[Queen Charlotte Islands caribou]] (''R. t. dawsoni'') from western Canada, the Sakhalin reindeer (''R. t. setoni'') from [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Arctic reindeer|East Greenland caribou]] from eastern Greenland,<ref name="HighArctic">{{cite journal |author1=Peter Gravlund |author2=Morten Meldgaard |author3=Svante Pääbo |author4=Peter Arctander |name-list-style=amp |title= Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer (''Rangifer tarandus'')|volume= 10|doi=10.1006/mpev.1998.0525|year=1998 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|issue=2|pages=151–159|pmid=9878226|bibcode=1998MolPE..10..151G }}</ref><ref name="dawsoni" /><ref name="eogroenlandicus">{{cite journal |author1=Degerbøl Magnus|title=The extinct reindeer of East-Greenland: ''Rangifer tarandus eogroenlandicus'', subsp. nov.: compared with reindeer from other Arctic regions|volume=10|year=1957|journal=Acta Arctica|pages=1–57}}</ref> although some authorities believe that the latter, ''R. t. eogroenlandicus'' Degerbøl, 1957, is a junior synonym of the Peary caribou.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meldgaard |first=M. |date=1986 |title=The Greenland caribou - zoogeography, taxonomy and population dynamics |journal=Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersagelser i Grønland, Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience |volume=20 |pages=1–88}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bennike |first=Ole |date=1988-01-01 |title=Review: The Greenland Caribou - Zoogeography, Taxonomy and Population Dynamics, by Morten Meldgaard |journal=Arctic |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=146–147 |doi=10.14430/arctic1984 |issn=1923-1245|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Harding-2022" /> Historically, the range of the sedentary boreal woodland caribou covered more than half of Canada<ref name="CPWS">{{cite web |url=http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/BorealCaribouReport-CPAWS_DSF.pdf |title=Population Critical: How are Caribou Faring?|date=December 2013|website=Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society and The David Suzuki Foundation|access-date=17 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219102733/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/BorealCaribouReport-CPAWS_DSF.pdf|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> and into the northern states of the [[contiguous United States]] from [[Maine]] to [[Washington (state)|Washington]]. Boreal woodland caribou have disappeared from most of their original southern range and were designated as Threatened in 2002 by the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] (COSEWIC).<ref name="COSEWIC2011DUReport">{{citation |title=Designatable Units for Caribou (''Rangifer tarandus'') in Canada |url=http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct12/COSEWIC_Caribou_DU_Report_23Dec2011.pdf |work=COSEWIC |year=2011 |institution=Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada |location=Ottawa, Ontario |page=88 |access-date=18 December 2013|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103012527/http://www.cosewic.gc.ca/eng/sct12/COSEWIC_Caribou_DU_Report_23Dec2011.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-03}}</ref> [[Environment and Climate Change Canada]] reported in 2011 that there were approximately 34,000 [[boreal woodland caribou]] in 51 ranges remaining in Canada (Environment Canada, 2011b),<ref name="EC2012">{{citation|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/ae-ve/6AE7146E-0991-4C2F-BE2F-E89DF4F8ED1E/13-018_EC_ID_1568_PDF_accessible_ANG.pdf|work=Environment Canada|title=Evaluation of Programs and Activities in Support of the Species at Risk Act|date=24 September 2012|access-date=27 December 2013|pages= 2, 9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227234223/http://www.ec.gc.ca/ae-ve/6AE7146E-0991-4C2F-BE2F-E89DF4F8ED1E/13-018_EC_ID_1568_PDF_accessible_ANG.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> although those numbers included montane populations classified by Harding (2022) into subspecies of the Arctic caribou.<ref name="Harding-2022" /> Siberian tundra reindeer herds are also in decline, and ''Rangifer'' as a whole is considered to be Vulnerable by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN).