Editing Remote viewing (section)

===Early background===

In early [[occult]] and [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualist]] literature, remote viewing was known as [[wikt:telesthesia|telesthesia]] and traveling clairvoyance. [[Rosemary Ellen Guiley|Rosemary Guiley]] described it as "seeing remote or hidden objects clairvoyantly with the inner eye, or in alleged out-of-body travel."<ref>{{cite book |author-link= Rosemary Ellen Guiley |last= Guiley |first= Rosemary |date= 1991 |title= Harper's Encyclopedia of Mystical and Paranormal Experience |publisher= Harper |location= San Francisco |page= [https://archive.org/details/harpersencyclope00guil/page/507 507] |isbn= 978-0062503664 |url= https://archive.org/details/harpersencyclope00guil/page/507 }}</ref>

The study of psychic phenomena by major scientists started in the mid-nineteenth century. Early researchers included [[Michael Faraday]], [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], [[Rufus Osgood Mason]], and [[William Crookes]]. Their work predominantly involved carrying out focused experimental tests on individuals thought to be psychically gifted. Reports of apparently successful tests were met with much skepticism from the scientific community.<ref>{{cite book |author-link= Ray Hyman |last= Hyman |first= Ray |date= 1985 |chapter= A Critical Historical Overview of Parapsychology |editor-link= Paul Kurtz |editor-last= Kurtz |editor-first= Paul |title= A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology |publisher= Prometheus Books |pages= 3–96 |isbn= 0879753005}}</ref>

In the 1930s, [[Joseph Banks Rhine|J. B. Rhine]] expanded the study of paranormal performance into larger populations by using standard experimental protocols with unselected human subjects. But, as with the earlier studies, Rhine was reluctant to publicize this work too early because of the fear of criticism from mainstream scientists.<ref name=hyman86>{{cite journal |last= Hyman |first= R |title= Parapsychological research: A tutorial review and critical appraisal |journal= Proceedings of the IEEE |volume= 74 |issue= 6 |pages= 823–849 |date= June 1986 |doi=10.1109/proc.1986.13557|s2cid= 39889367 }}</ref>

Paranormal studies remained a fringe area of scientific exploration. However, by the 1960s, the prevailing counterculture attitudes were sympathetic to paranormal ideas. The emergence of what is termed "[[New Age]]" thinking and the popularity of the [[human potential movement|Human Potential Movement]] provoked a mini-renaissance that renewed public interest in [[consciousness]] studies and psychic phenomena. It also helped to make financial support more available for research into such topics.<ref name=sci181>{{cite journal |last= Wade |first=N |title= Psychical research: The incredible in search of credibility |journal= Science |volume= 181 |date= July 13, 1973 |issue=4095 |pages= 138–143 |doi=10.1126/science.181.4095.138 |pmid= 17746612|bibcode=1973Sci...181..138W }}</ref>

In the early 1970s, [[Harold E. Puthoff|Harold Puthoff]] and [[Russell Targ]] joined the Electronics and Bioengineering Laboratory at Stanford Research Institute (SRI, now [[SRI International]]), where they initiated [[Parapsychology research at SRI|studies of the paranormal]] that were, at first, supported with private funding from the [[Parapsychology Foundation]] and the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]].<ref>{{cite book|title=How the Hippies Saved Physics: Science, Counterculture, and the Quantum Revival|first1=David|last1=Kaiser|year=2011|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|pages= 69–71|isbn=978-0393076363}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, the physicists [[John G. Taylor|John Taylor]] and Eduardo Balanovski tested the psychic [[Matthew Manning]] in remote viewing, and the results proved "completely unsuccessful".<ref>{{cite book |author-link= John G. Taylor |last= Taylor |first= John |date=1980 |title= Science and the Supernatural: An Investigation of Paranormal Phenomena Including Psychic Healing, Clairvoyance, Telepathy, and Precognition by a Distinguished Physicist and Mathematician |publisher= Temple Smith |page= 83 |isbn= 0851171915}}</ref>

One of the early experiments, lauded by proponents as having improved the methodology of remote viewing testing and raising future experimental standards, was criticized as leaking information to the participants by inadvertently leaving clues.<ref name="wiseman_may">{{cite journal | journal = [[Journal of Parapsychology]] | url = http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/SAICreply.pdf | title = Experiment one of the SAIC remote viewing program: A critical re-evaluation. A reply to May. |last1=Wiseman |first1= R  |last2=Milton |first2= J | pages = 3–14 | issue = 1 | volume = 63 | year = 1999 | access-date = 2008-06-26 }}<br />* Obtained from  [http://www.richardwiseman.com/research/papers.html listing of research papers on Wiseman's website]</ref> Some later experiments had negative results when these clues were eliminated.{{refn|group=n|name="Randi Encyclopedia"|From ''[[An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural]]'' by [[James Randi]]: "The data of Puthoff and Targ were reexamined by the other researchers, and it was found that their students were able to solve the locations without use of any psychic powers, using only the clues that had inadvertently been included in the Puthoff and Targ transcripts."<ref name="randi_encyclopedia">{{cite Encyclopedia of Claims |title=Remote Viewing |first-letter=R |access-date=26 January 2022 }}</ref>}}

The viewers' advice in the "[[Stargate project]]" was always so unclear and non-detailed that it has never been used in any intelligence operation.<ref name="jordan"/>{{refn|group=n|name="Eval of RV"}}<ref name="Time" />