Editing Retrograde ejaculation (section)

==Causes==
A malfunctioning bladder sphincter, leading to retrograde ejaculation, may be a result either of:
* [[Autonomic nervous system]] dysfunction. ([[Dysautonomia]])
* Operation on the [[prostate]]. It is a common complication of [[transurethral resection of the prostate]], a procedure in which prostate tissue is removed, slice by slice, through a resectoscope passed along the urethra.
It can also be caused by a [[retroperitoneal lymph node dissection]] for [[testicular cancer]] if [[sympathetic nervous system|nerve pathways]] to the bladder sphincter are damaged, with the resulting retrograde ejaculation being either temporary or permanent. Modern nerve-sparing techniques seek to reduce this risk; however, it may also occur as the result of Green Light Laser prostate surgery. 
Surgery on the bladder neck accounted for about ten percent of the cases of retrograde ejaculation or anejaculation reported in a literature review.<ref>[Hum Reprod Update. 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):448-74. Treatment of retrograde ejaculation and anejaculation. Kamischke A, Nieschlag E.]</ref>

Retrograde ejaculation is a common side effect of medications, such as [[tamsulosin]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/PIL.28402.latest.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-12-21 |archive-date=2017-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516215121/http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/PIL.28402.latest.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> that are used to relax the muscles of the urinary tract, treating conditions such as [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]. By relaxing the bladder sphincter muscle, the likelihood of retrograde ejaculation is increased.

The medications that mostly cause it are [[antidepressant]] and [[antipsychotic]] medication, as well as [[Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor|NRI]]s such as [[atomoxetine]]; patients experiencing this phenomenon tend to quit the medications.<ref>[http://www.giovannialei.it/patologie/eiaculazione_retrograda.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208145058/http://www.giovannialei.it/patologie/eiaculazione_retrograda.htm|date=2008-02-08}} {{in lang|it}}</ref><ref>[http://www.psicosessuologia.it/site/index.php?mode=page&pagename=apfemm2&cat=sessuologia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131210433/http://www.psicosessuologia.it/site/index.php?mode=page&pagename=apfemm2&cat=sessuologia|date=2014-01-31}} {{in lang|it}}</ref>

Retrograde ejaculation can also be a complication of [[diabetes]], especially in cases of diabetics with long term poor blood sugar control. This is due to [[neuropathy]] of the bladder sphincter. Post-pubertal males (aged 17 to 20 years) who experience repeated episodes of retrograde ejaculation are often diagnosed with [[urethral stricture]] disease shortly after the initial complaint arises. It is currently not known whether a congenital malformation of the [[spongy urethra|bulbous urethra]] is responsible, or if pressure applied to the base of the penis or perineum immediately preceding ejaculatory inevitability may have inadvertently damaged the urethra. This damage is most often seen within 0.5&nbsp;cm of the [[ejaculatory duct]] (usually distal to the duct).{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

===Conditions which can affect bladder neck muscle===
Medications to treat [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|benign prostate hyperplasia]], [[mood disorders]], surgery on the prostate and [[nerve injury]] (which may occur in multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury or [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]]).<ref>[http://www.retrogradeejaculation.net/ Retrograde Ejaculation Causes, Symptoms and Treatment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413150949/http://www.retrogradeejaculation.net/ |date=2019-04-13 }} Retrieved on 2010-03-02</ref>