Editing Ridolfi plot (section)

==Plot==
[[Roberto Ridolfi]], a [[Florence|Florentine]] banker and ardent Roman Catholic, had been involved in the planning of the Northern rebellion and had been plotting to overthrow Elizabeth as early as 1569.{{sfn|Elton|1978|p=298|ps=}} With the failure of the rebellion, he concluded that foreign intervention was needed to restore Catholicism and bring Mary to the English throne, and so he began to contact potential conspirators. Mary's advisor, [[John Lesley]], the [[Bishop of Ross (Scotland)|Bishop of Ross]], gave his assent to the plot as the way to free Mary.{{sfn|Williams|1972|pp=102–03|ps=}} The plan was to have the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] invade from the Netherlands with 10,000 men, foment a rebellion of the northern English nobility, murder Elizabeth, and marry Mary to Thomas Howard. Ridolfi optimistically estimated half of all English peers were Catholic and could muster in excess of 39,000 men.{{sfn|Williams|1972|p=102|ps=}} Norfolk verbally assured Ridolfi that he was a Catholic, guaranteeing that was true even though the Duke had been raised as a Protestant as a child.{{sfn|Dures|1983|p=17|ps=}}{{sfn|Lockyer|1964|p=186|ps=}} Both Mary and Norfolk, desperate to remedy their respective situations, agreed to the plot.{{sfn|Jenkins|1958|p=176|ps=}}  With their blessing, Ridolfi set off to the Continent to gain the support of Alba, Pius V, and King Philip II.

===List of co-conspirators===
Ridolfi's co-conspirators, some of them mentioned above, played an important role in the plot to overthrow Elizabeth:

Don [[Guerau de Espés]]: Spain's ambassador to England, who was expelled after the discovery of his involvement. Elizabeth had raised her concerns about de Espés' behaviour with [[Anna of Austria (1549–1580)|Anna of Austria]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter Signed, at the Head ("Elizabeth R"), To Lord Charles Howard |url=http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/english-literature-history-childrens-books-illustrations-l14404/lot.403.html|publisher=Sothebys}}</ref>

[[John Lesley]]: the Bishop of Ross, who was Mary Stuart's chief agent;  arranged meetings and delivered letters for Mary during her house arrest.

[[Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk]], who was Queen Elizabeth I's second cousin. He was to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and together with her restore Catholic rule to the English and Scottish thrones. After the plot was discovered he was given a day-long trial that ended with his execution.

[[Mary, Queen of Scots]]: after it became clear that Elizabeth I was not going to restore her to the Scottish throne or return her to France, Mary plotted for her freedom. She wrote to Ridolfi denouncing the French and soliciting Spanish aid, while simultaneously professing friendship and loyalty to Elizabeth I and England. Giving her consent to the plot in March 1571, her role was to marry the Duke of Norfolk, with the plan that when the troops arrived in London she would be returned to the Scottish throne. However, when the plot was uncovered, her deep involvement in it altered Elizabeth's opinion of Mary; Elizabeth never spoke of restoring her to the throne again.

[[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]], who welcomed Ridolfi to court and, with the council, discussed the plot's pros and cons. He supported overthrowing Elizabeth and later came to support the assassination. Philip, however, disapproved of the papal bull against Elizabeth because, according to Cyril Hamshere, he feared it would "prompt Elizabeth to take reprisals against Catholics."{{sfn|Hamshere|1976|p=32|ps=}}

[[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]], who was the leader of the Spanish army stationed in the Netherlands and was to lead more than 10,000 men to Harwich or Portsmouth. His army was to invade England and make its way to London to establish Mary on the throne.

Pope [[Pius V]], who made Ridolfi his papal agent in England in 1567, was not only aware of the plot but gave his written approval in a letter for Ridolfi to take to Philip II.

===Discovery===
In 1571, Elizabeth's intelligence network was sending her information about a plot against her life. By gaining the confidence of Spain's ambassador to England, [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] learned the details of the conspiracy and notified the government so as to arrest the plotters. Elizabeth was also sent a private warning by [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]], who had learned of the plot against her. [[Charles Baillie (papal agent)|Charles Baillie]], Ridolfi's messenger, was arrested on c.12 April 1571 at [[Dover, England|Dover]] for carrying compromising letters, and by the use of [[torture]] and prison informers such as [[William Herle (spy)|William Herle]], he was forced to reveal the cipher of the messages he carried.

On 29 August 1571, Norfolk's secretaries William Barker and Robert Higford entrusted to Thomas Browne, a [[Shrewsbury Drapers Company|Shrewsbury draper]], what was purported to be a bag of silver coin for delivery to Laurence Bannister, one of Norfolk's officials in the north of England. Browne grew suspicious of the bag's weight, opened it, and discovered 600 pounds in gold from the French ambassador, destined for Scotland on Mary's behalf, and ciphered letters. Because he knew Norfolk was under suspicion, Browne reported his find to [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley]], the [[Secretary of State (England)|Secretary of State]]. Higford and Barker were interrogated, the letters were partly deciphered, and a search for the cipher key at Howard House uncovered a ciphered letter from Mary Stuart hidden under a doormat.

Norfolk's servants were arrested and interrogated, and confessions were extracted from them by threats or application of torture. Sir Thomas Smith and Thomas Wilson were sent to confront Norfolk, who claimed the money was for his own private purposes. The deciphered letter, however, proved that he was lying. Unaware of his servants' confessions or the survival of letters which, contrary to his instructions, had not been burnt, he denied the charges against him. On 7 September, the queen's warrant for conveying him to the [[Tower of London]] arrived. Thereupon, the duke admitted a degree of involvement in the transmission of money and correspondence to Mary's Scottish supporters. In January 1572, Norfolk was tried and convicted on three counts of high treason, and on 2 June he was beheaded on [[Tower Hill]].

[[Guerau de Espés|Guerau de Spes]], the Spanish ambassador, was expelled from the country in January 1571.{{sfn|Jenkins|1958|p=179|ps=}} Still abroad when the plot was discovered, Ridolfi never returned to England; he became a Florentine senator in 1600.

===Ridolfi's role===
Despite his plot's ultimate failure, Roberto Ridolfi's story is surprising and memorable. He had played the relatively minor role of banker but nevertheless found himself at the centre of a major plot to overthrow the English government. Ridolfi had been jailed in 1568 because of a rumour that he had distributed money to dissenting nobles associated with the Northern Rebellion. The Pope did, in fact, give him 12,000 crowns for that purpose, but Ridolfi was released in 1570 because no  evidence could be found to incriminate him.  Even after his arrest and release, Ridolfi remained a spy for the Pope.{{sfn|Hunt|2004}}
Ridolfi's banking connections helped him become acquainted with the Duke of Norfolk, and he became a supporter of a marriage between Norfolk and Mary, Queen of Scots, who would, if the plot succeeded, rule England and reinstate Catholicism there.{{sfn|Hunt|2004}}

After Norfolk's release from prison in August 1570, Ridolfi "picked up the broken threads of Catholic intrigue".{{sfn|Hamshere|1976|p=32|ps=}} Ridolfi was in an advantageous position to orchestrate a Catholic rebellion in England, since he was employed by the Pope, France, and Spain, and had ties to the Catholic contingent in England.  He could use banking as an excuse to travel among these groups for the purpose of conspiring.{{sfn|Hunt|2004}}  When he travelled to mainland Europe to inform King Phillip and the Pope of the plot, it is believed that he was still working for Elizabeth.{{sfn|Hunt|2004}}

===Plot failure===
The Duke of Alba, the Spanish Viceroy in the Netherlands who was to lead the attack on England, felt Ridolfi was too garrulous to be the leader of a conspiracy, but Spanish Ambassador Don [[Guerau de Spes]] described Ridolfi as "A person of great truth and virtue and an intimate friend of mine."{{sfn|Hamshere|1976|p=33|ps=}} Ridolfi's talkative nature did eventually cause him trouble, as he was not very discreet and trumpeted his plan all over Europe.  His boasting was partially responsible for the plot failure, as he told it to [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] who immediately informed Elizabeth of the plot.{{sfn|Hunt|2004}}