Editing Ritualization (section)

==In non-human animals ==

'''Ritualization ''' is a behavior that occurs typically in a member of a given [[species]] in a highly [[Stereotypy|stereotyped]] fashion and independent of any direct [[physiological]] significance. It is found, in differing forms, both in non-human animals and in humans.

[[Konrad Lorenz]], working with [[Greylag goose|greylag geese]] and other animals such as [[water shrew]]s, showed that ritualization was an important process in their development.<ref>[[Konrad Lorenz|Lorenz, Konrad]],''[[On Aggression]]'' 1963</ref> He showed that the geese obsessively displayed a reflexive motor pattern of egg retrieval when stimulated by the sight of an egg outside their nest. Similarly, in the shrews, Lorenz showed that once they had become used to jumping over a stone in their path, they went on jumping at that place after the stone was taken away. This sort of behaviour is analogous to [[obsessive-compulsive disorder]] in humans.<ref name="Hoffman 2016 pp. 1–33">{{cite book | last=Hoffman | first=Kurt Leroy | title=Modeling Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Laboratory Animals | chapter=Animal models for studying obsessive-compulsive and related disorders | publisher=Elsevier | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-08-100099-1 | doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-100099-1.00001-7 | pages=161–241}}</ref> 

[[Oskar Heinroth]] in 1910 and Lorenz from 1935 onwards studied the triumph ceremony in geese; Lorenz described it as becoming a fixed ritual.<ref name="Lorenz pp. 477–477">{{cite journal | last=Lorenz | first=K. Z. | title=The Triumph Ceremony of the Greylag Goose, Anser anser L | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=251 | issue=772 | date=1966-12-29 | issn=0962-8436 | doi=10.1098/rstb.1966.0038 | pages=477| doi-access=free | bibcode=1966RSPTB.251..477L }}</ref> It involves a rolling behaviour (of the head and neck) and cackling with the head stretched forward, and occurs only among geese that know each other, meaning within a family or between mates. The triumph ceremony appears in varied situations, such as when mates meet after having been separated, when disturbed, or after an attack. The behaviour is now known also in other species, such as [[Canada goose]].<ref name="Radesäter1974">{{cite journal |last1=Radesäter |first1=Tommy |title=Form and Sequential Associations between the Triumph Ceremony and Other BehaviourPatterns in the Canada Goose Branta canadensis L. |journal=Ornis Scandinavica |date=1974 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=87–101 |doi=10.2307/3676053 |jstor=3676053}}</ref>