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Roaming
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== Roaming in general == Roaming is divided into "SIM-based roaming" and "username/password-based roaming", whereby the technical term "roaming" also encompasses roaming between networks of different network standards, e.g. [[Wireless LAN|WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)]] or [[GSM|GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)]]. Device equipment and functionality, such as [[Subscriber identity module|SIM card]] capability, [[Radio antenna|antenna]] and [[Computer interface|network interfaces]], and [[power management]], determine the access possibilities.<ref>{{cite book|last1=IEEE|title=5th IEEE International Conference on High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, HSNMC 2002 : July 3 - 5, 2002, Jeju Island, Korea|pages=356β360|date=2002|publisher=IEEE Operations Center|location=Piscataway, NJ|isbn=978-0-7803-7600-7|doi=10.1109/HSNMC.2002.1032607|chapter=QoS classification for mobile networks: International roaming case study|s2cid=61454234}}</ref> Using the example of WLAN/GSM roaming, the following scenarios can be differentiated (cf. GSM Association Permanent Reference Document AA.39<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=Steering of Roaming Implementation Guidelines |url=https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/IR.73-v10.0.pdf |publisher=GSM Association}}</ref>): * SIM-based (roaming): GSM subscriber roams onto a public WLAN operated by: ** their GSM operator, or ** another operator who has a roaming agreement with their GSM operator. * Username/password based roaming: GSM subscriber roams onto a public WLAN operated by: ** their GSM operator, or ** another operator who has a roaming agreement with their GSM operator. Although these user/network scenarios focus on roaming from GSM network operator's networks, clearly roaming can be bi-directional, i.e. from public WLAN operators to GSM networks. Traditional roaming in networks of the same standard, e.g. from a WLAN to a WLAN or a GSM network to a GSM network, has already been described above and is likewise defined by the foreignness of the network based on the type of subscriber entry in the home subscriber register. In the case of session continuity, seamless access to these services across different access types is provided.
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