Editing Roller coaster inversion (section)

=== Prototypes (1848–1903) ===
[[File:Loop the Loop, Luna Park, Coney Island.jpg|thumb|right|[[Loop the Loop (Coney Island)|Loop the Loop]] (1903), at [[Coney Island]], one of the first oval-looping coasters]]
The first inversion in roller coaster history was part of the [[Centrifugal Railway]] of [[Paris]], [[France]], built in 1848.<ref name="cg" /> It consisted of a {{convert|43|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us|adj=on}} sloping track leading into a nearly [[circle|circular]] [[Loop (roller coaster)|vertical loop]] {{convert|13|ft|m}} in diameter.<ref name="tl">{{cite web |url=http://www.ultimaterollercoaster.com/coasters/history/timeline.shtml |title=Roller Coaster History: Timeline |access-date=2007-08-23 |author=Gieszl |year=2006 |work=ultimaterollercoaster.com}}</ref> During the early 1900s, many rides including vertical loops appeared around the world. These early loops had a major design flaw: the circular structure produced intense [[g-force]]s (hereafter "Gs"). The [[Flip Flap Railway]], designed by [[Lina Beecher]] and built in 1895 on [[Coney Island]] of [[Brooklyn]], [[United States]], had a 25-foot circular loop at the end which though initially popular caused some discomfort in passenger's necks, and the ride soon closed.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC&pg=PA96 |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground|page=96 |first=Michael |last= Immerso |publisher=Rutgers University Press|date= 21 Oct 2002 |isbn=9780813531380|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.britannica.com/coasters/1880.html |title=History:1880 |first=David |last= Pescovitz|encyclopedia=britannica.com |year=2003 |access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> [[Loop the Loop (Coney Island)|Loop the Loop]], another looping coaster, was built later in Coney Island as well. This time the loops were slightly oval-shaped rather than circular, though not [[clothoid]] in shape like modern loops.<ref name="bowers">{{cite web |url=http://www.coasterville.com/history.htm |title=History of Roller Coasters |access-date=2007-08-23 |author=Bowers, David |year=2007 |work=Coasterville }}</ref> Although the ride was safe, it had a low capacity, loading four people every five minutes (48 people per hour, compared to 1800 riders per hour on [[Corkscrew (Cedar Point)|Corkscrew]], an early modern coaster that opened in 1976), and was poorly received after the discomfort of the Flip Flap Railway.<ref name="bowers" /> As their novelty wore off and their dangerous reputation spread, compounded with the developing [[Great Depression]], the early looping coasters disappeared.<ref name="cg" />