Editing Romanesque architecture (section)

==Use of the term ''Romanesque''==
[[File:Los Desposorios de la Virgen, por Robert Campin.jpg|thumb|Marriage of the Virgin ([[Robert Campin]], {{circa}} 1420–1430)]]
The distinction between the style of architecture now known as Romanesque and the succeeding style of [[Gothic architecture]] was recognised as early as the 15th century, as demonstrated by some artworks of that period. [[Robert Campin]] clearly presented the division in his ''[[Marriage of the Virgin (Campin)|Marriage of the Virgin]]''; on the left side, representing the [[Old Testament]], the building is in the Romanesque style, while that on the right, representing the [[New Testament]], is Gothic. Until the 19th century, however, the style preceding Gothic was not recognized as a whole, and was instead, just like Gothic at the time, treated as a multitude of styles: [[Giorgio Vasari]] and [[Christopher Wren]] were writing about "Tuscan", "Saxon", or "Norman" architectures.{{sfn|Fernie|1991|p=36}}<ref>These historic labels mostly do not match the modern terminology.</ref>

The word ''Romanesque'' ("in the manner of Romans"{{sfn|Hicks|2001}}) appeared in English by 1666, and was used to designate what are now called [[Romance languages]].{{sfn | Oxford University Press | 2023 | loc=1 }} Definition of ''Romanesque architecture'' changed over time;{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=407}} the development of the modern English meaning of the word involved primarily two steps: 
* in 1813 [[William Gunn (writer)|William Gunn]] used the term to broadly describe the pre-Gothic architecture of the [[Western Europe]], all the way from the 4th century to the 12th.{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=407}} Gunn's work, ''An Inquiry into the Origin and Influence of Gothic Architecture'' (London 1819), was published later,{{sfn|Rudolph|2019|p=22}} in 1819.<ref name="Gunn1819">{{cite book|last=Gunn|first=William |author-link=William Gunn (writer)|title=An inquiry into the origin and influence of Gothic architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MLcaAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2012-07-06|year=1819|publisher=R. and A. Taylor|page=6}}</ref><ref>Andreas Hartmann-Virnich: ''Was ist Romanik'', Darmstadt 2004, pp. 28–30</ref> The word was used by Gunn to describe the style that was identifiably medieval and prefigured the Gothic, yet maintained the rounded Roman arch and thus appeared to be a continuation of the Roman tradition of building;
* over the course of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century{{sfn|Clarke|Clarke|2010}} the definition narrowed to a shorter period, typically from 11th (or late 10th{{sfn|Fernie|1991|p=36}}) to 12th century.{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=407}} In the process, scholars (with notable contributions by [[Robert de Lasteyrie]] and [[Henri Focillon]]) changed the original definition of Romanesque as a sub-Roman or Roman-like architecture to a stylistic label describing the arrangements of mass and space that found acceptance at the turn of the 11th century. The new definition also marks the watershed between the tribal/dynastic treatment of architectural styles (Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Merovingian, Carolingian, etc.) and a feature-based one (Gothic, Renaissance, Mannerist, Baroque).{{sfn|Fernie|1991|p=36}}

The French term "{{lang|fr|romane}}" was first used in the architectural sense by archaeologist [[Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville|Charles de Gerville]] in a letter of 18 December 1818 to [[Auguste Le Prévost]] to describe what Gerville sees as a ''debased Roman architecture''.{{#tag:ref|Gerville (1818): {{langx|fr|Je vous ai quelquefois parlé d'architecture romane. C’est un mot de ma façon qui me paraît heureusement inventé pour remplacer les mots insignifiants de saxone et de normande. Tout le monde convient que cette architecture, lourde et grossière, est l'opus romanum dénaturé ou successivement dégradé par nos rudes ancêtres. Alors aussi, de la langue latine, également estropiée, se faisait cette langue romane dont l'origine et la dégradation ont tant d'analogie avec l'origine et les progrès de l'architecture. Dites-moi donc, je vous prie, que mon nom romane est heureusement trouvé.}} (I have sometimes spoken to you about Romanesque architecture. It is a word of my own which I invented (I think successfully) to replace the insignificant words of [[Anglo-Saxon language|Saxon]] and [[Norman language|Norman]]. Everyone agrees that this architecture, heavy and rough, is the ''opus romanum'' successively denatured or degraded by our rude ancestors. So too, out of the crippled Latin language, was made this Romance language whose origin and degradation have so much analogy with the origin and progress of architecture. Tell me, please, that my name Roman (esque) was invented with success.)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5732066w|title=Bulletin de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie|first=Société des antiquaires de Normandie Auteur du|last=texte|date=July 27, 1934|website=Gallica}}</ref>|group=Notes}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gidon|first= Ferdinand|title=L'invention de l'expression architecture romane par Gerville (1818) d'après quelques lettres de Gerville à Le Prévost|journal=Bulletin de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie|year= 1934|volume=42|pages= 268–88|language=fr|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5732066w/f284}}</ref> In an 1823 public lecture (published in 1824){{sfn|Rudolph|2019|p=22}} Gerville's friend [[Arcisse de Caumont]] adopted the label "{{lang|fr|roman}}" to describe the "degraded" European architecture from the 5th to the 13th centuries, in his ''Essai sur l'architecture religieuse du moyen-âge, particulièrement en Normandie'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=de Caumont|first=Arcisse|title=Essai sur l'architecture religieuse du moyen-âge, particulièrement en Normandie|journal=Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie|date=8 May 1824|pages=535–677|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZAFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA535|access-date=2012-06-24|author-link=Arcisse de Caumont|publisher=Mancel|language=fr}}</ref> at a time when the actual dates of many of the buildings so described had not been ascertained:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=Elizabeth|title=The Perception of Romanesque Art in the Romantic Period: Archaeological Attitudes in France in the 1820s and 1830s|journal=Forum for Modern Language Studies|date=1 January 1985|volume=XXI|issue=4|pages=303–21|doi=10.1093/fmls/XXI.4.303}}</ref><ref name=JeanH>Jean Hubert, ''Romanesque Art''.</ref><ref>Date from Hartmann-Virnich, as below</ref>
{{blockquote|"The name Roman (esque) we give to this architecture, which should be universal as it is the same everywhere with slight local differences, also has the merit of indicating its origin and is not new since it is used already to describe the language of the same period. Romance language is degenerated Latin language. Romanesque architecture is debased Roman architecture."{{#tag:ref|de Caumont (1824): {{langx|fr|Le nom romane que nous donnons à cette architecture, qui ne doit avoir qu'un puisqu'elle est partout la même sauf de légères differences de localité, a d'ailleurs le mérite d'en indiquer l'origine et il n'est pas nouveau puisqu'on s'en sert déjà pour désigner la langue du même temps La langue romane est la langue latine dégénérée. L'architecture romane est l'architecture romaine abâtardie.}}<ref>de Caumont 1824, p. 550</ref>|group=Notes}}}}

The term "[[Pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Pre-romanesque]]" is sometimes applied to architecture in Germany of the [[Carolingian architecture|Carolingian]] and [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonian]] periods and [[Visigothic art and architecture#Visigothic architecture|Visigothic]], [[Mozarabic art and architecture#Architecture|Mozarab]] and [[Asturian architecture|Asturian]] constructions between the 8th and the 10th centuries in the Iberian Peninsula while "[[First Romanesque]]" is applied to buildings in north of Italy and Spain and parts of France that have Romanesque features but pre-date the influence of the [[Abbey of Cluny]]. The Romanesque style in England and Sicily is still referred to as [[Norman architecture]]. A "dazzling"<ref>{{cite book | last=Watkin | first=D. | title=A History of Western Architecture | publisher=Laurence King Publishing | year=2005 | isbn=978-1-85669-459-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39T1zElEBrQC&pg=PA148 | access-date=2023-12-14 | page=148}}</ref> style developed in [[Pisa]] in the mid-11th century is called "[[Pisan Romanesque]]".{{sfn | Valdes | Pistolesi | Pauli | 1994 | p=7}}

[[Eric Fernie]] writes that by the beginning of the 21st century there is "something like agreement" on the characteristics of the Romanesque style.{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=410}}  Some researchers argue that due to an "astonishing diversity" of the Romanesque buildings, a unanimous definition is impossible: "[n]o single model, no single rule, ever seems adequate to prevail",{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=409}} and the Romanesque should be treated as a "collection of trends".{{sfn|Hicks|2001}} Despite disagreement, the term became a "common currency", and is universally accepted at least for convenience.{{sfn|Fernie|2019|p=409}}