Editing Rootless cosmopolitan (section)

== Use under Stalin ==
{{main|Anti-cosmopolitan campaign}}
According to the journalist [[Masha Gessen]], a concise definition of rootless cosmopolitan appeared in an issue of ''Voprosy istorii'' (''The Issues of History'') in 1949: "The rootless cosmopolitan [...] falsifies and misrepresents the worldwide historical role of the Russian people in the construction of socialist society and the victory over the enemies of humanity, over German fascism in the [[Great Patriotic War]]." Gessen states that the term used for "Russian" is an exclusive term that means ethnic Russians only and so they conclude that "any historian who neglected to sing the praises of the heroic ethnic Russians [...] was a likely traitor".<ref>{{cite book |last=Gessen |first=Masha |author-link=Masha Gessen |title=Two Babushkas |location=London, UK |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2005 |page=205 |isbn=978-0-7475-7080-6}}</ref> According to Cathy S. Gelbin:
<blockquote>From 1946 onwards, then, when [[Andrei Zhdanov]] became director of Soviet cultural policy, Soviet rhetoric increasingly highlighted the goal of a pure Soviet culture freed from Western degeneration. This became apparent, for example, in a piece in the Soviet weekly ''[[Literaturnaya Gazeta]]'' in 1947, which denounced the claimed expressions of rootless cosmopolitanism as inimical to Soviet culture. From 1949 onwards, then, a new series of openly antisemitic purges and executions began across the Soviet Union and its satellite countries, when Jews were charged explicitly with harbouring an international Zionist cosmopolitanist conspiracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Cathy S. |last=Gelbin |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: German-Jewish writers confront the Stalinist and National Socialist atrocities |journal=European Review of History/Revue européenne d'histoire |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |date=2016 |pages=863–879|doi=10.1080/13507486.2016.1203882 |s2cid=159505532 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/rootless-cosmopolitans-germanjewish-writers-confront-the-stalinist-and-national-socialist-atrocities(97803464-21be-4b83-a7a2-b630e7946d5a).html }} at p.865.</ref></blockquote>

According to Margarita Levantovskaya:
<blockquote>The campaign against cosmopolitanism of the 1940s and 1950s [...] defined rootless cosmopolitans as citizens who lacked patriotism and disseminated foreign influence within the USSR, including theater critics, Yiddish-speaking poets and doctors. They were accused of disseminating Western European philosophies of aesthetics, pro-American attitudes, Zionism, or inappropriate levels of concern for Jewry and its destruction during World War II. The phrase "rootless cosmopolitan" was synonymous with "persons without identity" and "passportless wanderers" when applied to Jews, thus emphasizing their status as strangers and outsiders.<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Margarita |last=Levantovskaya |title=Rootless Cosmopolitans: Literature of the Soviet-Jewish Diaspora |type=PhD |publisher=[[UC San Diego]] |date=2013 |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt4jq507vn/qt4jq507vn.pdf |page=1}}</ref></blockquote>