Editing Rules of chess (section)

==Gameplay==
===White and black===
{{main|White and Black in chess}}
[[Image:Chess players in park, kiev.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Photo shows two men playing chess while two more look on.|A game in a public park in [[Kyiv]], using a [[chess clock]]]]
The player controlling the white pieces is named "White"; the player controlling the black pieces is named "Black". White moves first, then players alternate moves. Making a move is required; it is not legal to skip a move, [[zugzwang|even when having to move is detrimental]]. Play continues until a king is [[checkmate]]d, a player [[#Resigning|resigns]], or a [[draw (chess)|draw]] is declared, as explained below.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 1}} In addition, if the game is being played under a [[time control]], a player who exceeds the [[#Time control|time limit]] loses the game unless they cannot be checkmated.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 6}}

The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss system tournament]] or [[round-robin tournament]]) or, in the case of casual play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice such as flipping a coin can be employed. A common method is for one player to conceal a pawn of each color in either hand; the other player chooses a hand to open and receives the color of the piece that is revealed.{{sfn|Pandolfini|1992|p=33}}

===Movement===

====Basic moves====
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| Moves of the king
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| Moves of a rook
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|oo|oo|oo|rl|oo|oo|oo|oo
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|  |  |  |oo|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |oo|  |  |  |
|  |  |  |oo|  |  |  |

}}
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{{Chess diagram small
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| Moves of a bishop
|oo|  |  |  |  |  |oo|
|  |oo|  |  |  |oo|  |
|  |  |oo|  |oo|  |  |
|  |  |  |bl|  |  |  |
|  |  |oo|  |oo|  |  |
|  |oo|  |  |  |oo|  |
|oo|  |  |  |  |  |oo|
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |oo

}}
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| Moves of the queen
|  |  |  |oo|  |  |  |oo
|oo|  |  |oo|  |  |oo|
|  |oo|  |oo|  |oo|  |
|  |  |oo|oo|oo|  |  |
|oo|oo|oo|ql|oo|oo|oo|oo
|  |  |oo|oo|oo|  |  |
|  |oo|  |oo|  |oo|  |
|oo|  |  |oo|  |  |oo|

}}
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| Moves of a knight
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|  |  |oo|  |oo|  |  |
|  |oo|  |  |  |oo|  |
|  |  |  |nl|  |  |  |
|  |oo|  |  |  |oo|  |
|  |  |oo|  |oo|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

}}
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| Moves of a pawn
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|  |rd|oo|rd|  |  |  |
|  |  |pl|  |  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |oo|  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |pl|  |  |
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| The pawns can move to the squares in front of them (white dots). The pawn on c6 can also take either black rook.}}
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Each type of chess piece has its own method of movement. A piece moves to a vacant square except when {{chessgloss|capturing}} an opponent's piece.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 3.1 and 3.1.1}}

Except for any move of the knight and [[#Castling|castling]], pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is ''captured'' (or ''taken'') when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square. The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game.{{efn|When [[promotion (chess)|promoting]] a pawn, a piece previously captured and removed from the board is often used as the "new" promoted piece. The new piece is nevertheless regarded as distinct from the original captured piece; the physical piece is used simply for convenience. Moreover, the player's choice for promotion is not restricted to pieces that were previously captured.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 3.7.3.3 and 3.7.3.4}}}} The king can be put in [[check (chess)|check]] but cannot be captured (see below).
* The [[King (chess)|king]] moves exactly one square adjacent to it. A special move with the king known as ''[[#Castling|castling]]'' is allowed only once per player, per game (see below).
* A [[Rook (chess)|rook]] moves any number of vacant squares horizontally or vertically. It also is moved when castling.
* A [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]] moves any number of vacant squares diagonally. (Thus a bishop can move to only light or dark squares, not both.)
* The [[Queen (chess)|queen]] moves any number of vacant squares horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.
* A [[Knight (chess)|knight]] moves to one of the nearest squares not on the same {{chessgloss|rank}}, {{chessgloss|file}}, or {{chessgloss|diagonal}}. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an "L" pattern.) The knight is not blocked by other pieces; it jumps to the new location.
* [[Pawn (chess)|Pawns]] have the most complex rules of movement:
:* A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has not yet moved, a pawn also has the option of moving {{em|two}} squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot move backwards.
:* A pawn, unlike other pieces, captures differently from how it moves. A pawn can capture an enemy piece on either of the two squares diagonally in front of the pawn. It cannot move to those squares when vacant except when capturing ''en passant''.
: The pawn is also involved in the two special moves [[#En passant|''en passant'']] and [[#Promotion|promotion]].<ref>{{Harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=17–19}}</ref>
{{clear}}

====Castling====
{{Main|Castling}}
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{{Chess diagram small
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|rd|  |  |  |kd|  |  |
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|Position of pieces before castling
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{{Chess diagram small
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|  |  |kd|rd|  |  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |  |rl|kl|
| Positions of the king and rook after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling }}
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Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it. Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 3.8.2}}
* The king and rook involved in castling must not have previously moved;
* There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
* The king may not currently be under attack, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square);
* The castling rook must be on the same rank as the king
{{clear}}

An unmoved king and an unmoved rook of the same color on the same rank are said to have ''castling rights''.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 3.8.2.1}}

====''En passant''====
{{Main|En passant}}
[[File:Ajedrez captura al paso del peon.png|right|275px|alt=Three images showing ''en passant''. First, a white pawn moves from the a2-square to a4; then, the black pawn moves from b4 to a3; finally, the white pawn on a4 is removed|''en passant'']]
When a pawn advances two squares on its initial move and ends the turn adjacent to an enemy pawn on the same {{chessgloss|rank}}, it may be captured ''en passant'' by the enemy pawn as if it had moved only one square. This capture is legal only on the move immediately following the pawn's advance. The diagrams demonstrate an instance of this: if the white pawn moves from a2 to a4, the black pawn on b4 can capture it ''en passant'', moving from b4 to a3, and the white pawn on a4 is removed from the board.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 3.7.3.1 and 3.7.3.2}}
{{Clear}}

====Promotion====
{{Main|Promotion (chess)}}

If a player advances a pawn to its eighth rank, the pawn is then ''promoted'' (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color at the choice of the player (a queen is most common). The choice is not limited to previously {{chessgloss|captured}} pieces. Hence it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all of the player's pawns are promoted.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 3.7.3.3, 3.7.3.4, and 3.7.3.5}}

===Check===
{{Main|Check (chess)}}
{{Chess diagram
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 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 |  |  |  |kd|  |bd|  |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |nd
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 |Black's king is in check. It can get out of check by moving to an unattacked square. Black can also parry the check by moving the bishop to e5 or the knight to f4 to block the check, or by capturing the white bishop with the knight.<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>
}}
A king is ''in check'' when it is under attack by at least one enemy piece. A piece unable to move because it would place its own king in check (it is [[pin (chess)|pinned]] against its own king) may still deliver check to the opposing player.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 3.9}}

It is illegal to make a move that places or leaves one's king in check. The possible ways to get out of check are:
* {{em|Move}} the king to a square where it is not in check.
* {{em|Capture}} the checking piece.
* {{em|Interpose}} a piece between the king and the opponent's threatening piece ({{em|block}} the check).{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 12A}}<ref>{{Harvcol|Polgar|Truong|2005|pp=32,103}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Burgess|2009|p=550}}</ref>

In informal games, it is customary to announce "check" when making a move that puts the opponent's king in check. In formal competitions, however, check is rarely announced.{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 12F}}

===End of the game===

==== Checkmate ====
{{Main|Checkmate}}
{{Chess diagram small
|tleft
|
|  |  |  |  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |rd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |pl|pl|
|  |  |  |  |  |rl|kl|qd
|White is checkmated; Black wins.<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>
}}

If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be ''[[checkmate]]d'', the game ends, and that player loses.<ref>{{Harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=20–21}}</ref> Unlike the other pieces, the king is never captured.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 1.4.1}}

The diagram shows an example checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; the empty square to which the king could move is also threatened; and the king cannot capture the queen, because it would then be in check by the rook.
{{Clear}}

====Resigning====
Either player may ''resign'' at any time, conceding the game to the opponent.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.1.2}} To indicate resignation, the player may say "I resign". Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it should be distinguished from accidentally knocking the king over. Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is sometimes used, but it could be mistaken for a draw offer.{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 13B}}

Under FIDE Laws, a resignation by one player results in a draw if their opponent has no way to checkmate them via any series of legal moves, or a loss by that player otherwise.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.1.2}}
{{Clear}}

==== Draws ====
{{Main|Draw (chess)}}
{{Chess diagram
|tright
|
|  |  |kd|  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |ql|bl|  |  |
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|  |  |  |  |kl|  |  |
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|Black to move is in stalemate, since Black's king has no legal move, and is not in check. The game is drawn.<ref>{{Harvcol|Harkness|1967}}</ref>
}}

The game ends in a [[draw (chess)|draw]] if any of these conditions occur:{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 5.2.1, 5.2.2, and 5.2.3}}
* The player to move is not in check and has no legal move. This situation is called a [[stalemate]]. An example of such a position is shown in the adjacent diagram.
* The game reaches a [[#Dead_position|dead position]].
* Both players [[Draw by agreement|agree to a draw]] after one of the players makes such an offer.

In addition, in the FIDE rules, if a player has run out of time (see below), or has resigned, but the position is such that there is no way for the opponent to give checkmate by any series of legal moves, the game is a draw.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=articles 6.9 and 5.1.2}}

[[#Competitive rules of play|FIDE's competitive rules of play]] allow a player to claim a draw in either of two situations:
* Fifty moves have been made by each player without a capture or pawn movement (this is the [[fifty-move rule]]);{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 9.3}}
* The same position has appeared three times (or has appeared twice and the player claiming the draw can force the third appearance); this is the [[threefold repetition]] rule.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 9.2}}
These rules help prevent games from being extended indefinitely in tournaments.

There is no longer a rule specifically defining [[perpetual check]] as a draw. In such a situation, either the threefold repetition rule or the fifty-move rule will eventually come into effect. More often, the players will simply agree to a draw.<ref>{{Harvcol|Staunton|1847|pp=21–22}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcol|Reinfeld|1954|p=175}}</ref>

===== Dead position =====
{{Chess diagram
| tright
| Example of a dead position{{sfn|FIDE Arbiters' Commission|2022|loc=page 8 (article 1.5)}}
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |bd|  |kd|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |pd
|pd|  |pd|  |pd|  |pd|pl
|pl|pd|pl|  |pl|  |pl|
|  |pl|  |bl|kl|  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| White has just played h5; neither side can open up the position.
}}
A ''dead position'' is defined as a position where neither player can checkmate their opponent's king by any sequence of legal moves.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 5.2.2}} According to the rules of chess the game is immediately terminated the moment a dead position appears on the board. 

Some basic endings are always dead positions; for example:
* king against king;
* king against king and bishop;
* king against king and knight.

Blocked positions can arise in which progress is impossible for either side, such as the diagrammed position;{{sfn|FIDE Arbiters' Commission|2022|loc=page 8 (article 1.5)}} these too are dead positions.

[[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] rules, for games played under a time control that does not include delay or increment, allow draw claims for "insufficient losing chances".{{sfn|Just|2019|loc=chapter 1, section 14H}} For example, if each player has only a king and a knight, checkmate is only achievable with the co-operation of both players, even if it is not a dead position.

=== Touch-move rule ===
{{Main|Touch-move rule}}
The [[touch-move rule]] is a fundamental principle in chess, ensuring that players commit to moves deliberated mentally, without physically experimenting on the board. According to this rule, a player who touches a piece with the intention of moving it must then move it if legally possible. This rule also applies to capturing: a player who touches an opponent's piece must capture it if a legal capture is available. Special considerations apply for castling and pawn promotion, reflecting their unique nature in the game.{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=article 4.3}}

A player who touches a piece to adjust its physical position within a square must first alert the opponent by saying ''J'adoube'' or "I adjust".{{sfn|FIDE|2023|loc=section 4.2}}{{efn|''J'adoube'' /{{IPA|ʒadub}}/, from the verb ''adouber'' which is obsolete French except in chess (meaning "to touch") and in chivalry stories (meaning "to knight", cf. "[[Accolade|dub]]"), is always understood. The national-language equivalent may be used if the opponent is known to understand it but should be avoided in international tournaments and against a foreign opponent.}} Once the game has started, only the player with the move may touch the pieces on the board.<ref>{{Harvcol|Schiller|2003|pp=19–20}}</ref>