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Rust Belt
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==Geography== {{See also|Regional economics | Economic history of the United States}} [[File:Emerging US megaregions with cities labeled.png|thumb|The [[Great Lakes megalopolis]] shown in {{Background color|#e7931d|orange}}, part of the Rust Belt]] [[File:Sectors of US Economy as Percent of GDP 1947-2009.png|thumb|Sectors of the U.S. economy as a percentage of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] between 1947 and 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=Who Makes It?|url=http://www.63alfred.com/whomakesit/|access-date=November 28, 2011|archive-date=September 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920130607/http://www.63alfred.com/whomakesit/|url-status=live}}</ref>]] Since the term "Rust Belt" is used to refer to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the U.S., the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries. The extent to which a community may have been described as a "Rust Belt city" depends on how great a role industrial manufacturing played in its local economy in the past and how it does now, as well as on perceptions of the economic viability and living standards of the present day.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} News media occasionally refer to a patchwork of defunct centers of heavy industry and manufacturing across the Great Lakes and Midwestern United States as the ''snow belt'',<ref>{{cite news|title= Sun On The Snow Belt (editorial)|url= https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/08/25/sun-on-the-snow-belt/|access-date= September 22, 2011|newspaper= Chicago Tribune|date= August 25, 1985|quote= The Northern states, once the foundry of the nation, are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt, in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt.|archive-date= September 22, 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240922205015/https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/08/25/sun-on-the-snow-belt/|url-status= live}}</ref> the manufacturing belt, or the factory belt because of their vibrant industrial economies in the past. This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the [[Mississippi River]], including St. Louis, and many of those in the Great Lakes and Northern New York.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neumann |first=Tracy |title=Remaking the Rust Belt |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780812292893 |language=English}}</ref> At the center of this expanse lies an area stretching from northern Indiana and southern Michigan in the west to [[Upstate New York]] in the east, where local tax revenues {{as of | 2004 | lc = on}} relied more heavily on manufacturing than on any other sector.<ref>{{cite web|title= Measuring Rurality: 2004 County Typology Codes|url= http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rurality/Typology/maps/Manufacturing.htm|publisher= USDA Economic Research Service|access-date= September 21, 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110914001620/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Rurality/Typology/maps/Manufacturing.htm|archive-date= September 14, 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>Garreau, Joel. ''The Nine Nations of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981.</ref> Prior to [[World War II]], cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the U.S. However, by the end of the 20th century, their population had fallen the most in the country.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hansen |first= Jeff |title= Which Way Forward? |url= http://blog.al.com/bn/2007/03/which_way_forward.html |access-date= September 21, 2011 |newspaper= The Birmingham News |date= March 10, 2007 |display-authors= etal |archive-date= March 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120304062746/http://blog.al.com/bn/2007/03/which_way_forward.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
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