Editing SAFEGE (section)

==SAFEGE type monorail==
{{see also|Suspension railway}}

[[File:Higashiyama-kouen Monorail.JPG|thumb|The preserved car and track of the Higashiyama Zoo Monorail in 2008]]
[[File:Higashiyama Park Monorail 20170617.jpg|thumb|The preserved car and track of the Higashiyama Zoo Monorail in 2017]]
[[File:ShonanMonorail-M8676.jpg|thumb|The Shonan Monorail in Japan]]
SAFEGE gained international recognition for its design of a suspended [[monorail]] in the 1960s. The design team was headed by [[Lucien Chadenson]].

===Design concept===
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The design of the system entails suspending passenger cars beneath rubber-tired wheel carriages of the type used more conventionally in the [[Paris Metro]]. The carriages are enclosed and supported by a box-like track or beam, with an opening in the bottom. The rubber wheels of the train run inside the track, supported by flanges on the bottom of the beam.

Unlike previous suspended monorails like the [[Schwebebahn Wuppertal|Schwebebahn]] in [[Wuppertal]], Germany, the tracks are not exposed to inclement weather, and do not need any cleaning or ice-removal systems. This advantage enables them to run in cities where ice and other conditions would impair the reliability of the system.

===Test installation===
The test track built in France by SAFEGE in 1959, was a {{convert|1.4|km|adj=on}} monorail line that featured prominently in the 1966 movie adaptation of ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'', directed by [[François Truffaut]].<ref name="CNET_0,39029552,49304078,00"/> Although the track was dismantled not long thereafter, the original car survived longer.<ref name="Geocities_1061"/><ref name="Zapatopi_2004-12-11"/>

===Market position===
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SAFEGE systems are the leading type of suspended railway in [[transit (transportation)|transit]] use, though this consists of just four installations of two different systems. Its chief and more numerous competitor in modern monorail applications are variations of the German-designed [[ALWEG]] system, in which the vehicles run on top of, and straddle, a solid beam.

===SAFEGE-type monorails in the world===
====Mitsubishi Heavy Industries====
[[Mitsubishi Heavy Industries]] of Japan has developed a working system of SAFEGE-type suspended railways, and have made three such installations, two of which remain in operation today.

*From early 1964 to December 1974, [[:ja:名古屋市交通局協力会東山公園モノレール|a {{convert|0.5|km|mi|adj=on}} single-line]] ran between [[Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens|Higashiyama Zoo and the nearby Botanical Gardens]] in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]].<ref name="Voice">{{cite book|last1=Voice|first1=David|date=2010|publisher=Adam Gordon|isbn=978-1-874422-81-5|page=37|edition=1|title=Monorails of the World: A History of Passenger Monorails}}</ref> While initially popular, it also suffered from mechanical problems and after the first two years of operation, the novelty wore off and it began making a loss.<ref name="Demery">{{cite web|last1=Demery|first1=Leroy|title=Monorails in Japan: An Overview|url=http://www.publictransit.us/ptlibrary/specialreports/sr9.JapanMonorails.pdf|publisher=www.publictransit.us|access-date=3 January 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621134953/http://www.publictransit.us/ptlibrary/specialreports/sr9.JapanMonorails.pdf|archive-date=21 June 2006}}</ref> Plans to expand the zoo and gardens hastened its demise, although the car and a section of track is preserved at one of the stations. While it was initially marketed as a ride, rather than a means of transport, a fare was charged, making it the first revenue-earning SAFEGE/Mitsubishi-type monorail.<ref name="Voice"/>
*In 1970<ref name="Demery"/> the [[Shonan Monorail]] opened. It runs from [[Ōfuna Station]] in [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]] to [[Shōnan-Enoshima Station]] in [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]. 
*In 1988,<ref name="Demery"/> the first stage of the [[Chiba Urban Monorail]] system opened, in [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]. With a {{convert|15.2|km|mi|adj=on}} route length,<ref name="Demery"/> it is the longest suspended monorail in the world.

====[[Siemens]]====
*Two Siemens [[H-Bahn|SIPEM]] lines exist in Germany, one on the [[Technical University of Dortmund|Dortmund University]] campus, the other at the [[Düsseldorf Airport|Düsseldorf airport]]. Siemens no longer actively markets this system, but does still deliver the software for the automatic operation of a SIPEM network and vehicles.

====Unfulfilled proposals====
In 1966, a proposal was considered to construct a SAFEGE-type monorail in the City of [[Manchester]]. The {{convert|16|mi|km|adj=on}} line was planned to link [[Manchester Airport]] with the city and suburbs, with a tunnel under the city centre, but the scheme, along with the later [[Picc-Vic tunnel]] (which would be a conventional [[rapid transit]] line) was abandoned due to cost.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Monorail for Manchester?|website=archive.commercialmotor.com|date=28 January 1966|url=http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/28th-january-1966/24/monorail-for-manchester|access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> The city eventually developed its own [[light rail]] network, [[Manchester Metrolink]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ogden|first1=Eric|last2=Senior|first2=John|title=Metrolink|publisher=Transport Publishing Company|location=Glossop, Derbyshire|year=1992|isbn=0-86317-155-9}}
</ref> of which [[Airport Line (Manchester Metrolink)|one of its lines]], opened in 2014, now links Manchester Airport to the city centre.

In November 1967, General Electric proposed to construct a SAFEGE monorail from downtown [[San Francisco]] to [[San Francisco International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rapidtransitserv1968jaco|title=Rapid transit service to San Francisco International Airport and to the Peninsula|last1=Jacobs|first1=Allan B.|last2=San Francisco (Calif.). Dept. of City Planning|last3=San Francisco (Calif.). City Planning Commission|date=1968|publisher=San Francisco : Dept. of City Planning|others=San Francisco Public Library}}</ref> The City of San Francisco studied the proposal, along with an extension of the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]]'s [[Peninsula Commute]] [[commuter rail]] line and an extension of the [[Bay Area Rapid Transit|BART]] [[rapid transit]] system. The proposal's incompatibility with other rail transit lines, the urban design concerns of an elevated guideway, and potential competitive impact on parallel rapid transit lines led to its dismissal in favor of a BART extension. Ultimately SFO was connected to downtown San Francisco via [[San Francisco International Airport station|BART]] in 2003.