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===Current usage=== In [[standard German]], three letters or combinations of letters commonly represent {{IPA|de|s|}} (the [[voiceless alveolar fricative]]) depending on its position in a word: {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|ss}}, and {{angbr|ß}}. According to [[German orthography reform of 1996|current German orthography]], {{angbr|ß}} represents the sound {{IPA|de|s|}}: #when it is written after a [[diphthong]] or [[long vowel]] and is not followed by another consonant in the [[word stem]]: {{lang|de|Straße}}, {{lang|de|Maß}}, {{lang|de|groß}}, {{lang|de|heißen}} [Exceptions: {{lang|de|aus}} and words with [[final devoicing]] (e.g., {{lang|de|Haus}})];<ref name="IDS">{{cite web|title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: 2.3 Besonderheiten bei [s] § 25 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung/6180 |access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> and #when a word stem ending with {{angbr|ß}} takes an [[inflection]]al ending beginning with a consonant: {{lang|de|heißt}}, {{lang|de|größte}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Duden: Die Grammatik |edition=9 |year=2016 |page=84}}</ref> In verbs with roots where the vowel changes length, this means that some forms may be written with {{angbr|ß}}, others with {{angbr|ss}}: {{lang|de|wissen}}, {{lang|de|er weiß}}, {{lang|de|er wusste}}.<ref name="IDS"/> The use of {{angbr|ß}} distinguishes [[minimal pair]]s such as {{lang|de|reißen}} ({{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪsn̩|IPA}}, to rip) and {{lang|de|reisen}} ({{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪzn̩|IPA}}, to travel) on the one hand ({{IPA|de|s|}} vs. {{IPA|de|z|}}), and {{lang|de|Buße}} ({{IPA|de|ˈbuːsə|IPA}}, penance) and {{lang|de|Busse}} ({{IPA|de|ˈbʊsə|IPA}}, buses) on the other (long vowel before {{angbr|ß}}, short vowel before {{angbr|ss}}).<ref name="augst">{{cite book |author-last1=Augst |author-first1=Gerhard |author-last2=Stock |author-first2=Eberhard |chapter=Laut-Buchstaben-Zuordnung |title=Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung: Begründung und Kritik |editor-last1=Augst |editor-first1=Gerhard |editor-last2=Blüml |editor-first2=Karl |display-editors=1 |publisher=Max Niemeyer |year=1997 |isbn=3-484-31179-7}}</ref>{{rp|123}} Some proper names may use {{angbr|ß}} after a short vowel, following older orthography; this is also true of some words derived from proper names (e.g., {{lang|de|Litfaßsäule; [[advertising column]]}}, named after [[Ernst Litfaß]]).<ref name="poschenrieder">{{cite book|last=Poschenrieder |first=Thorwald |chapter=S-Schreibung - Überlieferung oder Reform? |title=Die Rechtschreibreform: Pro und Kontra |editor-last1=Eroms |editor-first1=Hans-Werner |editor-last2=Munske |editor-first2=Horst Haider|publisher=Erich Schmidt |year=1997 |isbn=3-50303786-1}}</ref>{{rp|180}} If no {{angbr|ß}} is available in a font, then the official orthography calls for {{angbr|ß}} to be replaced with {{angbr|ss}}.<ref> {{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://grammis.ids-mannheim.de/rechtschreibung |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung: Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis |at=2.3 E3 |quote={{lang|de|Steht der Buchstabe ß nicht zur Verfügung, so schreibt man ss.}} [If the letter ß is unavailable, then one writes ss.]}}</ref> Since 2024, when writing in capital letters {{angbr|ẞ}} has been preferred, but {{angbr|SS}} may be used instead.<ref name="Amtliches Regelwerk"/> Previously, {{angbr|SS}} was the preferred form.<ref name="DRR und W-2017">{{Cite web |access-date=29 June 2017 |url=http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016 |year=2017 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Großbuchstaben schreibt man SS. Daneben ist auch die Verwendung des Großbuchstabens ẞ möglich. Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS. It is also permitted to write ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706162042/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2017.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 September 2023 |url=https://www.rechtschreibrat.com/DOX/rfdr_Regeln_2011.pdf |title=Deutsche Rechtschreibung Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis: Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2006 |year=2006 |at=§25, E3 |quote={{lang|de|E3: Bei Schreibung mit Groẞbuchstaben schreibt man SS, zum Beispiel: Straße – STRASSE.}} [When writing in all caps, one writes SS, for example: Straße – STRASSE.]}}</ref>
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