Editing Sadness (section)

== Neuroanatomy ==
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|caption1  = Sadness combined with other primary emotions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |title=Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions |website=Adliterate.com |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609162958/http://www.adliterate.com/archives/Plutchik.emotion.theorie.POSTER.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Turner2000">{{cite book|author=Jonathan Turner|title=On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect|url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn|url-access=registration|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6436-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/onoriginsofhuman0000turn/page/76 76]|access-date=9 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents|journal=International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research|volume=2|issue=6|date=June 2011|url=http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|author1=Atifa Athar|author2=M. Saleem Khan|author3=Khalil Ahmed|author4=Aiesha Ahmed|author5=Nida Anwar|access-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112191413/http://www.ijser.org/paper/A_Fuzzy_Inference_System_for_Synergy_Estimation_of_Simultaneous_Emotion_Dynamics_in_Agents.html|archive-date=2016-11-12|url-status=live}}</ref>
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A large amount of research has been conducted on the neuroscience of sadness.<ref name="Arias2020">{{cite journal |last1=Arias |first1=Juan A. |last2=Williams |first2=Claire |last3=Raghvani |first3=Rashmi |last4=Aghajani |first4=Moji |last5=Baez |first5=Sandra |last6=Belzung |first6=Catherine |last7=Booij |first7=Linda |last8=Busatto |first8=Geraldo |last9=Chiarella |first9=Julian |last10=Fu |first10=Cynthia HY |last11=Ibanez |first11=Agustin |last12=Liddell |first12=Belinda J. |last13=Lowe |first13=Leroy |last14=Penninx |first14=Brenda W.J.H. |last15=Rosa |first15=Pedro |last16=Kemp |first16=Andrew H. |title=The neuroscience of sadness: A multidisciplinary synthesis and collaborative review |journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews |date=April 2020 |volume=111 |pages=199–228 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.006|pmid=32001274 |doi-access=free |hdl=11336/143577 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> According to the ''[[American Journal of Psychiatry]]'', sadness has been found to be associated with "increases in bilateral activity within the vicinity of the middle and posterior [[temporal cortex]], [[lateral cerebellum]], [[cerebellar vermis]], [[midbrain]], [[putamen]], and caudate."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lane |first1=R.D. |last2=Reiman |first2=E.M. |last3=Ahern |first3=G.L. |last4=Schwartz |first4=G.E. |last5=Davidson |first5=R.J. |date=July 1997 |title=Neuroanatomical Correlates of Happiness, Sadness, and Disgust |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 154|issue= 7|pages=926–33 |doi=10.1176/ajp.154.7.926 | pmid=9210742 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Using positron emission tomography (PET), researchers were able to provoke sadness among seven normal men and women by asking them to think about sad things. They observed increased brain activity in the bilateral inferior and orbitofrontal cortex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pardo |first1=J.V. |last2=Pardo |first2=P.J. |last3=Raichle |first3=M.E. |date=May 1993 |title=Neural correlates of self-induced dysphoria |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 150|issue=5 |pages=713–9 |doi=10.1176/ajp.150.5.713 | pmid=8480815 }}</ref> In a study that induced sadness in subjects by showing emotional film clips, the feeling was correlated with significant increases in regional brain activity, especially in the prefrontal cortex, in the region called [[Brodmann's area 9]], and the [[thalamus]]. A significant increase in activity was also observed in the bilateral anterior temporal structures.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=George |first1=M.S. |last2=Ketter |first2=T.A. |last3=Parekh |first3=J.I. |last4=Horwitz |first4=B. |last5=Herscovitch |first5=P. |last6=Post |first6=R.M. |date=March 1995 |title=Brain activity during transient sadness and happiness in healthy women |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume= 152|issue=3 |pages=341–51 |doi=10.1176/ajp.152.3.341 | pmid=7864258 |citeseerx=10.1.1.468.2440 }}</ref>