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Saho language
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== Phonology == === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ![[Labial consonant|Labial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/ >[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] ![[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]] ![[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]/<br>[[Epiglottal]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! rowspan="3" |[[Plosive]] !{{Small|voiceless}} | |{{IPAlink|t̪}} | |{{IPAlink|k}} |{{IPA link|ʡ}} |({{IPAlink|ʔ}}) |- !{{Small|voiced}} |{{IPAlink|b}} |{{IPAlink|d̪}} |{{IPA link|ɖ}} |{{IPAlink|g}} | | |- !{{Small|ejective}} | |({{IPAlink|t̪ʼ}}) | |({{IPAlink|kʼ}}) | | |- ! rowspan="3" |[[Fricative]] !{{Small|voiceless}} |{{IPAlink|f}} |{{IPAlink|s}} | | |{{IPA link|ħ}} |{{IPAlink|h}} |- !{{Small|voiced}} | |({{IPAlink|z}}) | | |({{IPA link|ʕ}}) | |- !{{Small|ejective}} | |({{IPA link|sʼ}}) | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPAlink|m}} |{{IPAlink|n}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] | |{{IPAlink|ɾ}} | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |{{IPAlink|w}} |{{IPAlink|l}} | |{{IPAlink|j}} | | |} * Sounds /t̪ʼ, sʼ, z, kʼ, ʔ/ are heard from loanwords. * /b/ can be heard as [β] when in intervocalic positions or when preceding a fricative consonant. * /t̪, d̪/ can be heard as laminal [t̻, d̻] when before or after /a/. * /ɾ/ can be heard as a trill [r] in free variation. * /ɖ/ can be heard as a flap [ɽ] in intervocalic positions. * /l/ can be heard as apical [l̺] or alveolar [l] when before vowels /i, u/, and as laminal [l̻] when before vowels /a, e, o/. * /n/ when preceding sounds /b, f, ɖ, k, ɡ/ can be heard as [m, ɱ, ɳ, ŋ]. * /ʡ/ can also be heard as a fricative [ʕ] in free variation or in intervocalic position. * Stops /b, t̪, d̪, ɖ/ are heard as unreleased [b̚, t̪̚, d̪̚, ɖ̚] when in word-final position.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tajebe |first=Esayas |title=Descriptive Grammar of Saaho |publisher=Addis Ababa University |year=2015}}</ref> === Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] |{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} | |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}} | |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}} | |} * /ɛ/ can be heard as either [ɛ] or [e], and may occur as [ə] when in unstressed positions. * /ɔ/ may be pronounced as either [ɔ] or [o] among speakers across dialects.<ref name=":0" />
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