Editing Scarification (section)

===Africa===
{{Main|Scarification in Africa}}
In Africa, [[Scramble for Africa#Colonization prior to World War I|European colonial governments]] and [[Christianity and colonialism#Africa|European Christian missionaries]] criminalized and stigmatized the cultural practices of tattooing and scarification; consequently, the practices underwent decline, ended, or continued to be performed as acts of [[Resistance movement|resistance]].<ref name="Schildkrout">{{cite journal |last1=Schildkrout |first1=Enid |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Inscribing the Body |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=323,331 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |jstor=25064856 |s2cid=5531519|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Among the ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa that traditionally practice scarification are the [[Gonja people|Gonja]], [[Dagomba people|Dagomba]], [[Frafra people|Frafra]], [[Mamprusi people|Mamprusi]], [[Nanumba people|Nanumba]], [[Bali people (Nigeria)|Bali]], [[Tofin language|Tɔfin]], [[Bobo people|Bobo]], [[Montol language|Montol]], [[Kofyar people|Kofyar]], [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]], and [[Tiv people]] of West Africa, and the [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Surma people|Surma]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Toposa people|Toposa]], [[Moru people|Moru]], [[Bondei people|Bondei]], [[Shambaa people|Shambaa]], [[Barabaig people|Barabaig]], and [[Maasai people]] of East Africa.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Garve |first1=Roland |last2=Garve |first2=Miriam |last3=Türp |first3=Jens |last4=Fobil |first4=Julius |last5=Meyer |first5=Christian |date=2017 |title=Scarification in Sub-Saharan Africa: Social Skin, Remedy and Medical Import |journal=Tropical Medicine & International Health |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=708–715 |doi=10.1111/tmi.12878 |pmid=28380287 |s2cid=8164849 |doi-access=free}}</ref>