Editing Science and technology in China (section)

== Techno-nationalism ==
While the term "techno-nationalism" was originally applied to the United States in the 1980s, it has since been used to describe nationalistic technology policies in many countries, particularly in Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reich|first1=Robert|title=The Rise of Technonationalism|journal=The Atlantic|date=May 1987|page=62}}</ref> Chinese techno-nationalism is rooted in the country's humiliation at the hands of more advanced countries in the 19th century. Indeed, China's leaders (like those of other countries) have long seen scientific and technological development as vital for achieving economic affluence, national security, and national prestige. Lacking indigenous technological [[intellectual property]] and innovation are seen as key national problems.  The 21st century has thus seen a series of central government initiatives designed to promote "indigenous innovation" and technological development more generally in China.  These include the National Medium- and Long-Term Program for Science and Technology Development (2006–20), the Strategic Emerging Industries initiative, the Internet Plus initiative, and the Made in China 2025 Program, among others.

Through these initiatives, the Chinese state has intervened in the economy in a variety of ways to promote national technological development and reduce reliance on other countries. Prioritized industries and firms are protected and guided. There are systematic efforts to replace foreign technology and intellectual properties with indigenous technology. Foreign companies are given many incentives for technology transfer and for moving R&D to China. At the same time the technological abilities of domestic companies are supported in various ways.  Such policies have generated considerable conflict between China and developed countries, particularly the United States, although China has often proven flexible when its policies have been challenged.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kennedy|first1=Andrew|title=China's Search for Renewable Energy: Pragmatic Techno-nationalism|journal=Asian Survey|date=2013|volume=53|issue=5|pages=909–930|doi=10.1525/as.2013.53.5.909|hdl=1885/84753|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

[[Nationalism]] and nationalistic achievements have been seen as becoming the main ideological justifications and societal glue for the regime as [[Marxism]] loses influence. Some science and technology mega-projects has been seen as questionable trophy projects done for propaganda purposes with Chinese state-controlled media being filled with reports of Chinese achievements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/china/nationalism-china/p16079|title=Nationalism in China|work=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7097/china-chooses-mega-events-over-structural-reforms|title=China Chooses 'Mega-Events' Over Structural Reforms|author=Iain Mills|work=worldpoliticsreview.com}}</ref> In 2019, reports surfaced stating that the Chinese government has ordered all foreign PC hardware and operating systems that are installed in government offices to be replaced in the next three years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/amd-and-intel-could-be-screwed-by-new-chinese-mandate-f-1840313599/amp|title=China Bans Government Offices From Using Foreign-Made Tech|website=gizmodo.com|date=December 9, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/09/china-moves-to-ban-foreign-software-and-hardware-from-state-offices/|title=China moves to ban foreign software and hardware from state offices – TechCrunch|website=techcrunch.com|date=December 9, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/09/china-tells-government-offices-to-remove-all-foreign-computer-equipment|title=China tells government offices to remove all foreign computer equipment &#124; China &#124; The Guardian|website=amp.theguardian.com|date=December 9, 2019 |last1=Lyons |first1=Kate }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/beijing-replace-foreign-tech-chinese-tech-2022-2019-12|title=China aims to replace up to 30 million pieces of foreign tech in government offices with Chinese tech by 2022|first1=Antonio|last1=Villas-Boas|date=December 9, 2019|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/09/tech/china-us-computers-software/index.html|title=China reportedly bans foreign technology in its government and public offices|website=CNN|date=December 9, 2019}}</ref> Other reports stated that the Chinese government would be increasing subsidies for tech firms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3011715/china-will-increase-support-subsidies-tech-firms-official-says|title=China will increase support, subsidies for tech firms, official says|date=May 24, 2019|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref>