Editing Science park (section)

== Definitions ==
The '''Association of University Research Parks''' ('''AURP'''), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aurp.net/our-members|title=Our Members|website=AURP|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting the university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region."<ref name="AURP">{{cite web|url=http://www.innovation-america.org/archive.php?articleID=194|title=AURP: Creating Communities of Knowledge|work=innovation-america.org}}</ref><ref name="AURP1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aurp.net/about/whatis.cfm|title=AURP: What is a research park?}}</ref>

The '''International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation''' ('''IASP'''), the worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions.
To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages the flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.".<ref>{{cite web |title=IASP Definitions |url=https://www.iasp.ws/our-industry/definitions |website=IASP |publisher=International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation |access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>

The '''Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm''', was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990. According to this management paradigm, a science park must: "have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity; be able to market its high valued products and services; have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms, particularly [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], lacking such a resource; be inserted in a society that allows for the protection of product or process secrets, via [[patent]]s, security or any other means; be able to select or reject which firms enter the park". A science park should: "have a clear identity, quite often expressed symbolically, as the park's name choice, its logo or the management discourse; have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters, and which has presented long-term economic development plans; have the backing of powerful, dynamic and stable economic actors, such as a funding agency, political institution or local [[university]]; include in its management an active person of vision, with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile, who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between [[academia]] and [[Private industry|industry]], long-term plans and good management; and include a prominent percentage of [[management consulting|consultancy]] firms, as well as technical service firms, including laboratories and quality control firms".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cabral, R. and Dahab, S. (1998) "Science parks in developing countries: the case of BIORIO in Brazil", Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p. 726-739 |journal=International Journal of Technology Management |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=726 |doi=10.1504/IJTM.1998.002693 |year=1998 |last1=Cabral |first1=Regis |last2=Dahab |first2=Sofia Sapolnik }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cabral R. (1998) "Refining the Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm", Int. J. Technology Management vol 16 p 813-818 |journal=International Journal of Technology Management |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=813 |doi=10.1504/IJTM.1998.002694 |year=1998 |last1=Cabral |first1=Regis }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Galiyeva, N. and Fusci, D. L. (2018) "Research Proposal for Measuring the Effectiveness of Business Incubators", Journal of Organisational Studies and Innovation Vol 5, no 3, p 32-46 |url=http://www.mbacademy.org.uk/journals/2017-2018/vol-5/issue-3/Nadezhda%20Galiyeva.pdf |website=mbacademy |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Zhang, Y. (2005) "The science park phenomenon: development, evolution and typology", Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 5 p 138-154 |journal=International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management |volume=5 |pages=138 |doi=10.1504/IJEIM.2005.006341 |year=2005 |last1=Zhang |first1=Yuehua }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Lindelof, P. and Lofsten, H. (2005) "Academic versus corporate new technology-based firms in Swedish science parks: an analysis of performance, business networks and financing" Int. J. of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management vol 31 p 334-357 |journal=International Journal of Technology Management |volume=31 |issue=3/4 |pages=334 |doi=10.1504/IJTM.2005.006638 |year=2005 |last1=Lindelof |first1=Peter |last2=Lofsten |first2=Hans }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Albahari, A.; Barge-Gil, A.; Pérez-Canto, S.; Modrego, A. (2016) "The influence of Science and Technology Park characteristics on firms' innovation results" Papers in Regional Science vol 97 issue 2 |journal=Papers in Regional Science |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=253–279 |doi=10.1111/pirs.12253 |year=2018 |last1=Albahari |first1=Alberto |last2=Barge-Gil |first2=Andrés |last3=Pérez-Canto |first3=Salvador |last4=Modrego |first4=Aurelia |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48829/1/MPRA_paper_48829.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Pedroza Zapata, A. R. and Ortiz Cantú, S. (2018) "Análisis comparativo de parques tecnológicos universitarios bajo el paradigma Cabral-Dahab" Revistas Espacios vol 39 issue 4 |issue=4 |url=http://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n04/18390405.html |journal=Revista Espacios |volume=39 |access-date=5 January 2019|date=2018-01-30 |last1=Ortiz |first1=Sara |last2=Pedroza |first2=Alvaro R. }}</ref>

The [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution, which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through [[technology transfer]] and [[open innovation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Technology Transfer Organizations |url=https://www.wipo.int/technology-transfer/en/organizations.html |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref>