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Semi-automatic transmission
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=== Clutchless manual transmissions === Most semi-automatic transmissions are based on conventional manual transmission. They can be partially automated transmission. Once the clutch becomes automated, the transmission becomes semi-automatic. However, these systems still require manual gear selection by the driver. This type of transmission is called a ''clutchless manual'' or an ''automated manual''. Most semi-automatic transmissions in older passenger cars retain the normal H-pattern shifter of a manual transmission; similarly, semi-automatic transmissions on older motorcycles retain the conventional foot-shift lever, as on a motorcycle with a fully manual transmission. However, semi-automatics systems in newer motorcycles, racing cars, and other types of vehicles often use gear selection methods such as shift paddles near the [[steering wheel]] or triggers near the [[Motorcycle handlebar|handlebars]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Electronic Shift Transmission |url= https://shiftfx.com/electronic-shift-transmission |website=shiftfx.com |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Motorsport, Motorcycle race & kit car quickshifter systems |url= https://www.quickshifters.com |website=quickshifters.com |access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="flatshifter.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.flatshifter.com/flatshifter-max-electronic-gear-selector-kit/|title = Flatshifter Max (Electronic Gear Selector Kit)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://powersportsbusiness.com/top-stories/2016/06/08/yamaha-introduces-new-yxz1000rss-with-paddle-shifting/|title = Yamaha introduces new YXZ1000R SS with paddle shifting | Powersports Business|date = 8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula Racecar Paddle Shifters |url=http://www.eecs.ucf.edu/seniordesign/su2015fa2015/g05/files/SDI/1.%20InitialDocument.pdf |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=[[University of Central Florida College of Engineering and Computer Science]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2014_RT Spec Sheet EN.pdf |url=https://can-am.brp.com/content/dam/canam-spyder/Canada/English/MY2014/Documents/Lineup/2014_RT%20Spec%20Sheet%20EN.pdf |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=can-am.brp.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lemans.org/en/news/the-history-of-the-paddle-shift/2922|title = The history of the 'paddle shift'}}</ref> Several different forms of automation for clutch actuation have been used over the years, from [[hydraulic actuator|hydraulic]], [[pneumatic actuator|pneumatic]], and [[Electromechanics|electromechanical]] clutches to [[Vacuum pump|vacuum-operated]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hudson Drivemaster Service Info |url=http://hudsonterraplane.com/tech/other/DrivemasterServiceInformation.pdf |access-date=16 October 2023 |website=hudsonterraplane.com}}</ref> [[electromagnetic clutch|electromagnetic]], and even [[centrifugal clutch]]es. [[Fluid coupling]]s (most commonly and formerly used in early automatic transmissions) have also been used by various manufacturers, usually alongside some form of mechanical friction clutch, to prevent the vehicle from stalling when coming to a standstill or at [[Idle (engine)|idle]]. A typical semi-automatic transmission design may work by using [[Hall effect sensor]]s or [[Miniature snap-action switch|micro switches]] to detect the direction of the requested shift when the gear stick is used. These sensors' output, combined with the output from a sensor connected to the [[gearbox]] which measures its current speed and gear, is fed into a [[transmission control unit]], [[electronic control unit]], [[engine control unit]], or [[microprocessor]],<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/auto-biography-the-saab-900-turbo-sensonic-in-0-60-seconds-by-john-fordham-1304895.html |title = Auto Biography the Saab 900 Turbo Sensonic in 0β60 Seconds by John|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 23 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.saabplanet.com/how-stuff-works-saab-900-ng-sensonic-clutchless-technology-in-practice/|title = How Stuff Works: Saab Sensonic (Clutchless Technology in Practice)|date = 28 January 2019}}</ref> or another type of electronic control system. This control system then determines the optimal timing and torque required for smooth clutch engagement. The electronic control unit powers an actuator, which engages and disengages the clutch in a smooth manner. In some cases, the clutch is actuated by a [[servomotor]] coupled to a gear arrangement for a [[linear actuator]], which, via a [[hydraulic cylinder]] filled with [[hydraulic fluid]] from the [[Brake|braking system]], disengages the clutch. In other cases, the internal clutch actuator may be completely electric, where the main clutch actuator is powered by an [[electric motor]] or [[solenoid]], or even pneumatic, where the main clutch actuator is a [[pneumatic actuator]] that disengages the clutch. A clutchless manual system, named the ''[[Autostick]]'', was a semi-automatic transmission introduced by [[Volkswagen]] for the 1968 model year. Marketed as the ''Volkswagen Automatic Stickshift'', a conventional three-speed manual transmission was connected to a vacuum-operated automatic clutch system. The top of the gear stick was designed to depress and activate an electric switch, i.e. when touched by the driver's hand. When pressed, the switch operated a 12-volt [[Solenoid valve|solenoid]], which in turn operated the vacuum clutch actuator, thus disengaging the clutch and allowing shifting between gears. With the driver's hand removed from the gearshift, the clutch would re-engage automatically. The transmission was also equipped with a torque converter, allowing the car to idle in gear like with an automatic, as well as stop and start from a standstill in any gear.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Does An Autostick Work? |url= http://vwar.org/forum/index.php?topic=903.0 |publisher=VW Automatic Register |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Autostick |url= http://www.vw-resource.com/automatic.html |publisher=Rob and Dave's Aircooled Volkswagen Web Pages |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cargurus.com/Cars/Discussion-c6916_ds457882#:~:text=Almost%20all%20of%20the%20original,gear%20stick%20to%20change%20gears.|title = Automatic or standard (Volkswagen Beetle) β CarGurus}}</ref>
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