Editing Sepak takraw (section)

==History==

===Predecessors===
[[File:Fashion and Style of a Ballgame of Those from Banda de Bry.jpg|thumb|A ballgame called "Keeping the ball aloft", [[Banda Islands|Banda]], 1601. The ball is made of twisted branches.]]
Sepak Takraw may have been introduced to [[Southeast Asia]] by the [[Chinese people|Chinese]], who were inspired by the traditional game ''[[Cuju]]'', an ancient military exercise where soldiers play to keep a leather ball filled with feathers airborne by kicking it back and forth between two or more people.<ref name="Tirto Sepak Takraw">{{Cite news|url=https://tirto.id/sepak-takraw-yang-diperebutkan-indonesia-malaysia-dan-thailand-cVLn|title=Sepak Takraw yang Diperebutkan Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand|last=Aditya Widya Putri|date=2018-09-01|website=Tirto.com|language=id|access-date=2021-01-26|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713050021/https://tirto.id/sepak-takraw-yang-diperebutkan-indonesia-malaysia-dan-thailand-cVLn|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://m.antaranews.com/berita/47933/sepaktakraw-berasal-dari-negara-mana |title= Sepaktakraw Berasal Dari Negara Mana?|last=|date=2006-12-05|website=Antara.com|language=id|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref> As the game evolved, the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball with a two-layered hull. ''Cuju'' is also considered by the [[FIFA|International Football Association (FIFA)]] as the origin of football as a sport.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuju -- Ancient Chinese Football|publisher=Chinese Culture| url=http://en.chinaculture.org/08olympics/2008-07/07/content_135446.htm| access-date= 10 July 2021}}</ref>

In [[Myanmar]], Sepak Takraw is known as "[[chinlone]]". Chinlone has played a prominent role in Myanmar for about 1,500 years. Its style is performance-based because it was first created as a demonstrative activity to entertain Burmese royalty. Chinlone is heavily influenced by traditional Burmese [[martial arts]] and dance.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Myanmar since ancient times, Traditions and transformations|last=Aung-Thwin|first=Michael & Maitrii|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2012|location=London}}</ref>

In [[Malaysia]], the first recorded instance of Sepak Takraw, with balls made of woven strips of rattan, was in the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (present-day Malaysia) in the 15th century, according to an ancient Malay manuscript, "[[Sejarah Melayu]]" (Malay Annals).<ref>{{cite book | last = Dunsmore | first = Susi | title = Sepak Raga | publisher = [[University of Michigan]] | year = 1983 | page = 2}}</ref><ref name = "Victoria"/><ref name="Canada"/> The [[Malay Annals]] described an incident involving [[Muhammad Shah of Pahang|Raja Muhammad]], a son of [[Mansur Shah|Sultan Mansur Shah]], who was accidentally hit with a rattan ball by Tun Besar, the son of [[Tun Perak|Bendahara Tun Perak]], in a Sepak Raga game. The ball hit Raja Muhammad's headgear and knocked it to the ground. Angered, Raja Muhammad immediately stabbed and killed Tun Besar, leading to some of Tun Besar's kinsmen wanting to kill Raja Muhammad in retaliation. However, Bendahara Tun Perak managed to restrain them from an act of treason by saying that he would no longer accept Raja Muhammad as the Sultan's heir. Sultan Mansur Shah ordered his son out of Malacca and had him installed as the ruler of neighbouring [[Pahang Sultanate|Pahang]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Brown | first = Charles Cuthbert | author-link = David Mumford | title = Sejarah Melayu; or, Malay annals: an annotated translation [from the Malay] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1970 | page = 89}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| title=Sejarah dan Tehnik Dasar Permainan Sepak Takraw|page=7|author= Nur Ahmad Muharram|isbn=9786026333193|year= 2016|
url=http://repository.unpkediri.ac.id/2533/1/Buku%20Sepak%20takraw.pdf|publisher=Penulis Muda|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729165625/http://repository.unpkediri.ac.id/2533/1/Buku%20Sepak%20takraw.pdf|archive-date=29 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tirto Sepak Takraw"/><ref name = "Heriansyah3">{{Cite book| title=PERMAINAN SEPAK TAKRAW SEJARAH, TEKNIK DASAR, PERATURAN PERTANDINGAN DAN PERWASITAN|page=3| author=Heriansyah| isbn= 9786236955741 |year= 2021|publisher=Jakad Media Publishing}}</ref>

[[File:Sepak Takraw game.webm|thumb|Video recording of a Sepak Takraw match]]
In [[Thailand]], there is evidence that the Thai played Sepak Takraw during the reign of King [[Naresuan]] (1590–1605) of [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].<ref name="world">{{cite web|title=The History of Takraw in Thailand|publisher=Sepaktakrawworld.com|url=http://www.sepaktakrawworld.com/index.php/-tournament-/13-vigo-cup|access-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127171636/http://www.sepaktakrawworld.com/index.php/-tournament-/13-vigo-cup|archive-date=27 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> A French historian, [[François Henri Turpin]], wrote about how the Siamese played the game of Takraw to stay in shape.<ref name="world"/> Murals at [[Bangkok]]'s [[Wat Phra Kaeo]], built in 1785, depict the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Hanuman]] playing Sepak Takraw in a ring with a troop of [[monkey]]s. The game was played in a circle for hundreds of years, until modern Sepak Takraw began taking shape in Thailand sometime during the early 1740s. In 1929, the Siam Sports Association drafted the first rules for Takraw competition.<ref name="world"/> Four years later, the association introduced the volleyball-style net and held the first public contest. Within just a few years, Takraw was introduced to the curriculum in Siamese schools. The game became such a cherished local custom that another exhibition of volleyball-style Takraw was held to celebrate the kingdom's first constitution in 1933, the year after Thailand abolished [[absolute monarchy]].

In [[Indonesia]], Sepak Takraw is also known as [[Sepak Raga]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1302 |title=Permainan Sepak Raga |publisher=Melayuonline.com |access-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325191325/http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1302 |archive-date=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://id.voi.co.id/fitur/voi-pesona-indonesia/4125-sepak-raga-permainan-tradisional-masyarakat-di-propinsi-kepulauan-riau.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107190942/http://id.voi.co.id/fitur/voi-pesona-indonesia/4125-sepak-raga-permainan-tradisional-masyarakat-di-propinsi-kepulauan-riau.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2010 |title=Sepak Raga, Permainan Tradisional Masyarakat Di Propinsi Kepulauan Riau |publisher=Id.voi.co.id |access-date=25 March 2014 }}</ref> In [[Sulawesi]], the traditional [[Bugis people|Bugis]] football game is called "Raga" (the player is called "Pa'Raga").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1224/permainan-marraga-akraga|title=Permainan Marraga/Akraga (Bugis)|publisher=Melayuonline|access-date=4 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412070015/http://melayuonline.com/ind/culture/dig/1224/permainan-marraga-akraga|archive-date=12 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Men play the "Raga" circle in a group, where the ball is passed from one to the other, and the man who kicks the highest ball is the winner. "Raga" is also played for fun by demonstrating several tricks, such as kicking the ball and placing it on the player's head with the handle of the ''tengkolok bugis'' (Bugis headgear similar to a Malay ''tanjak'').

[[File:Mindanao Bangsamoro Islamic Game Set.jpg|thumb|A traditional ''sipà'' (rattan wicker ball) from the [[Maranao people]] of the [[Philippines]], along with ''kakasing'' [[Spinning top|top]]s and a ''[[sungka]]'' board]]

In the [[Philippines]], the sport is related to a native game called "''[[sipà]]''" (or "''sipà salama''" among [[Muslim Filipinos]]), and along with traditional [[Filipino martial arts|martial arts]], survived Spanish colonization.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gowing |first1=P.G. |title=Heritage of Philippine Muslims |url=http://www.muslimmindanao.ph/muslim_arts.html |website=Muslim Filipinos -- Heritage and Horizon |access-date=5 June 2019 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911031214/http://www.muslimmindanao.ph/muslim_arts.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a popular sport played by children in Philippines, and was the Philippine national sport until it was replaced by [[Arnis]] in 2009. Sepak Takraw is included in Philippine's elementary and high school curriculum.

===Origins of the modern sport===
In the beginning, Sepak Takraw was not meant to be competitive, but was a casual game with an emphasis on physical activity. The game acted as an exercise to improve dexterity and loosen the limbs after long periods of sitting, standing or working. However, the modern version of Sepak Takraw began taking shape sometime during the 1940s. In 1935 in [[Seremban]], Sepak Raga was first played on a badminton court over the net with players on two opposing sides, amid celebrations of the [[Silver Jubilee of George V]]. The event is the earliest example of modern sport rules being used for Sepak Raga, turning it into a competitive sport. Badminton was a preferred sport for the British, whereas Sepak Raga was mainly played by the Malays. Since the diversion sport was first played amid the Jubilee festivity, it was known as "Sepak Raga Jubilee" (Jubilee Sepak Raga).<ref name = "Crego">{{Cite book|title=Sports and Games of the 18th and 19th Centuries|page=30|author=Robert Crego|isbn=9780313316104|year= 2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}</ref><ref name="Nauright">{{Cite book|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|page=247|author=John Nauright|isbn=9781598843019|year= 2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO}}</ref><ref name="Tribunews">{{Cite news| url= https://m.tribunnews.com/amp/pestaasia/2018/09/02/kisah-sepak-takraw-yang-kini-diklaim-milik-indonesia-malaysia-dan-thailand?page=2&_gl=1*tc0k00*_ga*YW1wLTJBMXlydG4yMkpjaEk2QmNtdkR2VFljV3NadHgtNG5val9GUXFHem8zZ21zM01DeVNmQS0wZWlsbUpOYWR6T3Y.|title= Kisah Sepak Takraw yang Kini Diklaim Milik Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand|last=|date=2018-09-02|website=Tribunews.com|language=id|access-date=2021-02-18}}</ref><ref name="Canada"/><ref name = "Victoria"/>

[[File:Pasukan Sepak Takraw Hamid Mydin -1.jpg|thumb|240px|Hamid Mydin, the founder of Sepak Raga Jaring/ Sepak Takraw, and his team]]
It is likely that the sport had gained popularity in [[Negeri Sembilan]], and spread to various states of Malaya (now West Malaysia). In the years following World War II up to the mid-20th century, "Sepak Raga Jubilee" was played in rural villages and towns throughout Malaya. Though Malaysia is a multiracial country, Sepak Takraw is mainly popular among the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] community. The new sport then spread to Penang. The popularization of present-day Sepak Takraw is, for the most part, attributed to three people from Jalan Patani, Penang.<ref name = "Crego"/><ref name = "Victoria"/><ref name="Nauright"/><ref name="Canada"/> In February 1945, a net and tenets like badminton were presented by Hamid Mydin, accompanied by local Sepak Raga sportsmen, Mohamad Abdul Rahman and Syed Yaacob to demonstrate Mydin's new variation of "Sepak Raga Jaring" (Net Sepak Raga). The new version was preferred due to quicker pace, distinctive styles of kicking and the higher standard of athleticism that it demanded.<ref name="Canada"/> It is considered the pioneer version of modern Sepak Takraw and remains one of the dominant competitive forms.<ref name="Nauright"/><ref name = "Heriansyah13"/>

The first properly organized Sepak Takraw competition was held at a Swim Club in Penang on May 16, 1945.<ref name="Tribunews"/><ref name="Canada"/> Three teams from Malay populated localities in Penang were among those that competed for the Nyak Din Nyak Sham Trophy.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Information Malaysia, Volume 2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2e6AAAAIAAJ&q=Nyak+Din+Nyak+Sham+Trophy|page=238|year= 2005|publisher=Berita Publ. Sdn. Bhd.}}</ref> The sport spread rapidly through the remainder of Malaya. From Penang, "Sepak Raga Jaring" spread to Alor Setar in Kedah, to Kampung Baru in Kuala Lumpur and then to Singapore. By 1960, the variation was well known in many Malayan schools that had badminton courts.<ref name = "Heriansyah3"/> The sport was frequently played by football players because of the similarities in skills required for both sports. Several Sepak Raga associations formed in various Malayan states.<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|title=International Sepak Takraw History|publisher=Sepak Takraw Association of Canada| url=https://takrawcanada.com| access-date= 10 July 2021}}</ref>

About the same time, similar developments occurred in Thailand. In 1929, the Siam Sports Association drafted the first rules for the Takraw competition. Four years later, the association introduced the volleyball-style net and held the first public contest. Within just a few years, Takraw was added to the curriculum in Siamese schools. The game became such a cherished local custom that another exhibition of volleyball-style Takraw was staged to celebrate the kingdom's first constitution in 1933, the year after Thailand abolished its absolute monarchy.<ref name="world"/>

===Standardization===
[[File:Hamid Maidin menerima pingat daripada Khir Johari.jpg|thumb|240px|Hamid Mydin is awarded the Khir Johari Gold Medal by the Malaysian Sepak Raga Association on 7 August 1977.]]
The determination and perseverance of Penang's Sepak Takraw pioneers led to the founding of the "Jawatankuasa Penaja Sepak Raga Pulau Pinang" (Penang Sepak Raga Sponsors' Committee) on 25 March 1956 at Dewan UMNO Pulau Pinang. On 28 January 1960, the committee negotiated with representatives from Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Kedah and Singapore at Bangunan Persatuan Melayu Pulau Pinang on the founding of "Jawatankuasa Penaja Perseketuan Sepak Raga Jaring Malaya" (Malayan Sepak Raga Jaring Sponsors' Committee), a national organization. The initial rules and regulations of the sport were enacted and compiled in writing on 15 April 1960 at Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kuala Lumpur.<ref>{{Cite book| title=Sukan Sepak Takraw|page=19| url=https://www.moe.gov.my/muat-turun/penerbitan-dan-jurnal/dasar/1240-sukan-sepak-takraw-sekolah-menengah/file|publisher=Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia}}</ref><ref name="Manual"/>

On 25 June 1960, the Malayan Sepak Raga Federation (now renamed Malaysian Sepak Takraw Association (PSM)) was established at a meeting held in Balai Rakyat, Jalan Patani, Penang. The ceremony was officiated by the Chief Minister of Penang, [[Wong Pow Nee]]. During the meeting, representatives of Kedah, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Penang had unanimously appointed [[Khir Johari]] as its first President. Hamid Mydin was also recognized as the creator and founder of Sepak Takraw by the federation at that meeting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Martabatkan Sepak Takraw|date=27 November 2020|publisher=utusan.com|url=https://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/2020/11/martabatkan-sepak-takraw/|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729170021/https://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/2020/11/martabatkan-sepak-takraw/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kelley"/><ref name="Manual"/> The Sepak Raga rules compiled on 15 April in Kuala Lumpur were also ratified by the Malayan Sepak Raga Federation on this day.

Later that year, representatives from Malaya, Singapore, Myanmar and Thailand met in Kuala Lumpur to standardize the guidelines for the sport. After intense debate, they came to a consensus that the sport would be officially called "Sepak Takraw".<ref name="world"/><ref name = "Victoria"/><ref name = "Heriansyah13">{{Cite book| title=PERMAINAN SEPAK TAKRAW SEJARAH, TEKNIK DASAR, PERATURAN PERTANDINGAN DAN PERWASITAN|page=13| author=Heriansyah| isbn= 9786236955741 |year= 2021|publisher=Jakad Media Publishing}}</ref> Thus, a game of Sepak Takraw that witnesses acrobatic movements by athletes was officially introduced at the international level. In Malaya, an inter-state competition known as "Khir Johari Gold Cup" was organized at Stadium Negara, Kuala Lumpur from 27 to 28 December 1962 to further advance the sport. Penang, where Sepak Raga Jaring originated, would become the primary holder of the tournament. By that point, "Sepak Raga Jaring" was quite popular in Malaya, and is now regarded as Malaysia's national sport.<ref name = "Victoria"/><ref name="Canada"/>

===Global game===

In 1965, the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF) was formed. Its first task was to translate the Sepak Takraw rules into English, facilitating the first worldwide competition, the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games (SEAP Games) (now Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games)) held in Kuala Lumpur.<ref name="world"/> It was still confusingly known as "Sepak Raga". From the fourth SEAP Games in 1967, the term "Sepak Takraw" become the established name.<ref name="Nauright"/>

In the [[1970 Asian Games]] at Bangkok, Sepak Takraw was introduced as a demonstration sport by Malaysian and Thai teams.

In 1975, the Kedah's Sepak Takraw team visited Germany in conjunction with The Sports Press Feast 1975 to play Sepak Takraw as a demonstration.<ref name="Manual">{{cite web|title=Manual Jurulatih Tahap I Sepak Takraw Jurulatih|url=https://dl-manual.com/doc/manual-jurulatih-tahap-i-sepak-takraw-jurulatih-3zg2w08p21og|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

In 1977, Penang's Sepak Takraw team participated in North Malaysian Week in Adelaide, Australia.<ref name="Manual"/>

In 1979, ASTAF for the first time held a conference in Jakarta in conjunction with the SEA Games and reviewed the Sepak Takraw laws submitted by the Malaysian Sepak Takraw Association. The ASTAF technical committee also held its second meeting in Singapore in the same year for the same purpose.

In 1980, the Malaysian Sepak Takraw team played several Sepak Takraw games in China, South Korea and Hong Kong, an outstanding achievement in the history of Sepak Takraw towards introducing the sport to East Asian countries.<ref name="Manual"/>

In 1982, the woven synthetic ball was introduced to replace woven rattan ball in Thailand.<ref name = "Victoria"/>

In 1988, the International Sepaktakraw Federation (ISTAF) was formed by members of the Asian Sepaktakraw Federation (ASTAF). It was recognised as the international governing body for the sport by the Olympic Movement in 1990.<ref name = "Victoria"/>

In 1990, Sepak Takraw was included as a medal sport at the Asian Games in Beijing.<ref name="Nauright"/><ref name="kelley"/><ref name = "Victoria"/>

In 1997, the first women's championship was held in Thailand.<ref name="kelley"/>

In 1998, Sepak Takraw was introduced as a demonstration event in the Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur.<ref name="Canada"/>

In 2011, the inaugural edition of Sepak Takraw's flagship tournament, the ISTAF World Cup, was staged in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The ISTAF SuperSeries, a new series of elite tournaments was also launched in Bangkok.

There are more than 30 countries with national Sepak Takraw organizations, with representatives in the International Sepaktakraw Federation (ISTAF) overseeing the sport.<ref name="ISTAF">{{cite web|title=ISTAF Sepak Takraw|publisher=sepaktakraw.org|url=https://sepaktakraw.org/index.php/istaf/|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813140449/https://sepaktakraw.org/index.php/istaf/|url-status=live}}</ref>