Editing Separatism (section)

==Types==
[[Ethnic group|Ethnic]] separatism can be based on cultural, linguistic as well as [[religion|religious]] or [[race (human categorization)|racial]] differences. Ethnic separatist movements were relevant since they represented historical delineations between [[State (polity)|states]], or in recent times, were the cause of conflicts between peoples in Europe, Africa and Asia with different ethnic/linguistic origins.

=== Separatism by continent ===
[[File:Pre-referendum, pro-Kurdistan, pro-independence rally in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq 25.jpg|thumb|190px|Pro-independence rally in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] in September 2017]]
[[File:2015-04-24. День солидарности молодёжи в Донецке 394 .jpg|thumb|190px|Pro-Russian separatists in [[Donetsk]], eastern [[Ukraine]], April 2015]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Africa]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Asia]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Europe]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in North America]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in Oceania]]
* [[List of active separatist movements in South America]]

===<span class="anchor" id="Gender"></span> Gender separatism===
The relationship between gender and separatism is complex.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/116427/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-gendering-secession%E2%80%9D|title=Secessionism and Separatism Monthly Series: "Gendering Secession" by Jill Vickers - H-Nationalism - H-Net|website=networks.h-net.org|access-date=2016-03-21|archive-date=2018-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114719/https://networks.h-net.org/node/3911/discussions/116427/secessionism-and-separatism-monthly-series-gendering-secession%E2%80%9D|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Feminist separatism]] is women's choosing to separate from ostensibly male-defined, male-dominated institutions, relationships, roles and activities.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Marilyn|last1=Frye|first2=Diana Tietjens|last2=Meyers|chapter=Some Reflections on Separatism and Power|title=Feminist Social Thought: A Reader|publisher=Routledge|date=1997|pages=406–414}}</ref> [[Lesbian separatism]] advocates [[lesbian]]ism as the logical result of feminism. Some separatist feminists and lesbian separatists have chosen to live apart in [[intentional community]], [[cooperatives]], and on [[land trust]]s.<ref>Joyce Cheney, ''Lesbian Land'', Word Weavers Press, 1976.</ref> [[Queer nationalism]] (or "Gay separatism") seeks a community distinct and separate from other social groups.<ref>Mark K. Bloodsworth-Lugo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph74JKY_5dwC&q=LGBTQ ''In-Between Bodies: Sexual Difference, Race, and Sexuality''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327180804/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph74JKY_5dwC&dq=LGBTQ&lr=&num=50&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |date=2017-03-27 }}, SUNY Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7914-7221-3}}</ref><ref>Richard D. Mohr, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC ''Gays/Justice: A Study of Ethics, Society, and Law''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619085713/https://books.google.com/books?id=dfUw8Zl0kPEC |date=2019-06-19 }}, Columbia University Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0-231-06735-6}}</ref> On the other hand, the [[Men Going Their Own Way|MGTOW]] movement is sometimes considered a [[Masculine|male-gender]] separatism, as at the center of this ideology is the notion of male separatism where men should not be a part of a feminist-biased society. Some fringe elements even propose a utopical no-women state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamoureux |first=Mack |date= 24 September 2015|title=This Group of Straight Men Is Swearing Off Women |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/inside-the-global-collective-of-straight-male-separatists/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bates |first=Laura |date=2020-08-26 |title=Men going their own way: the rise of a toxic male separatist movement |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2020/aug/26/men-going-their-own-way-the-toxic-male-separatist-movement-that-is-now-mainstream |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= 7 February 2022|title=Male supremacists have a new utopian dream |url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/helicoptarian-constitocracy-male-supremacy |access-date=2022-06-04}}</ref>

===<span class="anchor" id="Geographic"></span> Geographical and socioeconomic separatism ===
[[File:Nuit Debout - Paris - Kabyles - 48 mars 10.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Kabyle people|Kabyle]] protesters in Paris holding the [[Berber flag]], April 2016]]
[[File:The coming vote - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|[[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|South Sudanese independence referendum]] in 2011 marked the end of [[South Sudan]]'s long struggle for independence.]]Some examples include:
*[[Alberta Separatism|Alberta separatism]]
*[[Berberism|Berber separatism in North Africa]]
*[[Bougainville Independence Movement|Bougainville independence movement]]
*[[Cape Independence]]
*[[Casamance conflict|Casamance independence movement]]
*[[Cascadia (independence movement)|Cascadian separatists]]
*[[Catalan independence movement]]
*[[Cibao|Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao]]
*[[Basque Country independence|Euskadi (Basque Country) independence movement]]
*[[Hong Kong independence movement]]
*[[New England New State Movement]]
*[[Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia|Malaysian Sabah and Sarawak separatists]]
*[[Organisasi Papua Merdeka|West Papuan independence]]
*[[The South Is My Country|Free South movement]]
*[[Quebec sovereignty movement]]
*[[Scottish independence|Scottish independence movement]]
*[[Taiwanese independence|Taiwanese independence movement]]

===<span class="anchor" id="Race"></span><span class="anchor" id="Racial"></span> Racial separatism===
{{Globalize|section|USA|2name=the United States|date=August 2011}}

Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along [[Race (human classification)|racial]] lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions, and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments:

[[File:Aztlán in United States (US48).svg|thumb|upright|Territories considered for "Aztlán"]]

* [[Black separatism]] (also known as [[black nationalism]]) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of "Black racial identity" in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like [[Marcus Garvey]] and organizations such as the [[Nation of Islam]]. [[Critical race theory|Critical race theorists]] like [[New York University]]'s [[Derrick Bell]] and [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]]'s [[Richard Delgado]] argue that US legal, education and political systems are rife with blatant racism. They support efforts like "all-black" schools and dorms and question the [[wikt:efficacy|efficacy]] and merit of government-enforced integration.<ref>{{cite web|first=Franklin|last=Foer|url=http://www.slate.com/id/1080/|title=Racial Integration|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=November 23, 1997|access-date=May 7, 2008|archive-date=January 31, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131073914/http://www.slate.com/id/1080/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008 statements by Barack Obama's former pastor [[Jeremiah Wright, Jr.]], revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rich|last=Barlow|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/04/26/theological_topic_turns_to_wright_case/Theological|title=Topic turns to Wright case|work=[[The Boston Globe|Boston Globe]]|date=April 26, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Latin American]] concepts of racial identity such as the [[bronze race]] and [[La Raza Cósmica]] are found in the small separatist [[Raza Unida Party]]. The [[Chicano Movement]] (or [[Chicano nationalism|Chicano nation]]) in the United States sought to recreate [[Aztlán]], the mythical homeland of the [[Aztec]]s comprising the [[Southwestern United States]].<ref name="aztlan.net">[http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm Professor Predicts 'Hispanic Homeland'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107032413/http://www.aztlan.net/homeland.htm|date=2012-11-07}}, Associated Press, 2000</ref>
* [[White separatism]] in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite [[immigration]] under the argument that these policies are necessary for the white race's survival.

===<span class="anchor" id="Religion"></span><span class="anchor" id="Religious"></span> Religious separatism===
{{Original research section|date=November 2015}}
{{see also|Ecclesiastical separatism}}
[[File:Thousands-Sikhs-protest-in-London.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom|Sikhs]] in [[London]] protesting against the Indian government]]

[[Religion|Religious]] separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists:{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
* [[English Dissenters|English Christians]] in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the [[Church of England]] and form independent local churches were influential politically under [[Oliver Cromwell]], who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called [[Congregationalists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042265/Separatist#277127.hook|title=Encyclopædia Britannica on religious separatists|access-date=2008-05-07|archive-date=2008-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012162956/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042265/Separatist#277127.hook|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] who established the first successful colony in [[New England]] were separatists.<ref>{{cite book|first=John Abbot|last=Goodwin|title=The Pilgrim republic: an historical review of the colony of New Plymouth|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|year=1888|url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublic01goodgoog|quote=pilgrims.|page=[https://archive.org/details/pilgrimrepublic01goodgoog/page/n70 1]}}</ref>
* Christian separatist groups in [[Maluku Sovereignty Front|Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2202709.stm|title=Christian separatist on trial in Indonesia|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|work=[[BBC]]|date=August 19, 2002|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104011140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2202709.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Brummitt|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51830871.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215084940/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51830871.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 15, 2011|title=Christian separatist leader threatens to raise independence flags in Maluku|publisher= [[Associated Press]]|date= April 5, 2002}}</ref> India<ref>{{cite web|first=Syed Zarir|last=Hussain|url=http://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg03883.html|title=Christian separatist group in Tripura target tribal Hindus|work=Indo-Asian News Service|date=December 31, 2002|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104085512/https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@goacom.com/msg03883.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[South Carolina]] (United States)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.venturacountystar.com/news/2007/jun/09/no-headline---le1fcbottom09/?printer=1/|title=Christian separatist ready for new home|work=Ventura County Star|date=June 9, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806181815/http://www.vcstar.com/news/2007/jun/09/no-headline---le1fcbottom09/?printer=1%2F|archive-date=August 6, 2012|df=mdy|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wistv.com/Global/story.asp?S=3956568&nav=0RaP|title=Colorado Rep. disavows ties to SC Christian separatist group|agency=Associated Press|date=October 9, 2005|access-date=August 24, 2009|archive-date=September 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913114834/http://www.wistv.com/Global/story.asp?S=3956568&nav=0RaP|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[Zionism]] sought the creation of the [[State of Israel]] as a [[Jewish]] homeland, with separation from [[gentile]] Palestinians. [[Simon Dubnow]], who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated [[Jewish Autonomism]], which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia|Bund]] and his own [[Folkspartei]] before World War II.<ref>{{cite book|first=Koppel S.|last=Pinson|title=Simon Dubnow|pages=13–69|date=1958}}</ref> Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however, as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion. It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are considered to be so but not without debate.<ref name="lucotte1999">{{Cite journal|author=Lucotte G, Smets P |title=Origins of Falasha Jews studied by haplotypes of the Y chromosome |journal=Human Biology |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=989–993 |date=December 1999 |pmid=10592688|last2=Smets}}</ref>

[[File:MILF militant lying prone.jpg|thumb|190px|[[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] fighter in the Philippines]]

* The [[Partition of India]] and (later Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]) arose as a result of separatism on the part of Muslims.
* [[Sikh]]s in India sought an independent nation of [[Khalistan]] after an agitation in the 1970s and 1980s for implementation of the [[Anandpur Resolution|Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] (demanding things such as a greater share of river water and autonomy for Punjab) resulted in the storming of the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) by the Government of India troops in 1984. The storming of the temple to flush out Sikh Militants who were gaining momentum in their agitation for greater autonomy for Punjab resulted in Sikhs demanding an independent state for the Sikhs situated in Punjab known as [[Khalistan movement|Khalistan]]. The conflict escalated and led to an assassination of the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]] as a retaliation of an Indian military operation called 'Operation Blue Star' directed against the Sikhs' holiest shrine, the Golden Temple, in which many innocent Sikh civilians too died. The revenge murder of Gandhi evoked a Congress Party led backlash in the form of the Sikh genocide, which started in New Delhi and swept India in November 1984. That only further strengthened the Khalistan Movement, but it was largely subdued owing to the efforts of the police in Punjab. The controversial response by the Punjab State reportedly involved the use of human rights violations in the form of unexplained disappearances, faked encounters killings, rape and torture. However, many in the Sikh diaspora in the West and even Sikhs in India, still support the idea of Khalistan, but support has been dying since the 90's due to heavy Anti-Khalistan propaganda pushed by the Indian government, and fear of being targeted or killed for supporting Khalistan.<ref>{{cite web|first=Blbir|last=Punj|url=http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html|title=The Ghost of Khalistan|work=Sikh Times|date=June 16, 2006|access-date=July 5, 2008|archive-date=December 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204053015/http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_061605a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Muslim separatist groups in the [[Philippines]] ([[Mindanao]] and other regions: [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], [[Abu Sayyaf]]), in [[Thailand]] (see also [[South Thailand insurgency]]), in [[India]] (see also [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]]), in the [[People's Republic of China]] ([[Xinjiang]]: [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]]), [[Tanzania]] ([[Zanzibar]]ian separatist movements), in the [[Central African Republic]] (Regions that are inhabited by Muslims: [[Séléka]]), in [[Russia]] (in the [[Northern Caucasus]], especially in [[Chechnya]]: [[Caucasus Emirate]]), in [[Yugoslavia]] ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[Alija Izetbegovic]] espoused an Islamic inspired separatism)