Editing Shakespeare apocrypha (section)

==Plays attributed to Shakespeare during the 17th century, but not included in the First Folio==

Several plays published in [[quarto]] during the seventeenth century bear Shakespeare's name on the title page or in other documents, but do not appear in the [[First Folio]]. Some of these plays (such as ''[[Pericles Prince of Tyre|Pericles]]'') are believed by most scholars of Shakespeare to have been written by him (at least in part). Others, such as ''[[Thomas Lord Cromwell]]'' are so atypically written that it is difficult to believe they really are by Shakespeare.

Scholars have suggested various reasons for the existence of these plays. In some cases, the title page attributions may be lies told by fraudulent printers trading on Shakespeare's reputation. In other cases, Shakespeare may have had an editorial role in the plays' creation, rather than actually writing them, or they may simply be based on a plot outline by Shakespeare. Some may be collaborations between Shakespeare and other dramatists (although the First Folio includes plays such as ''[[Henry VIII (play)|Henry VIII]]'', ''[[Henry VI, Part 1]]'' and ''[[Timon of Athens]]'' that are believed to be collaborative, according to modern stylistic analysis). Another explanation for the origins of any or all of the plays is that they were not written for the King's Men, were perhaps from early in Shakespeare's career, and thus were inaccessible to Heminges and Condell when they compiled the First Folio.

C. F. Tucker Brooke lists forty-two plays conceivably attributable to Shakespeare, many in his own lifetime, but dismisses the majority,<ref>[[#TuckerBrooke|Tucker Brooke (1908)]], [https://archive.org/stream/shakespeareapoc00broouoft#page/n11/mode/2up pp. ix–xi].</ref> leaving only most of those listed below, with some additions.
* ''[[The Birth of Merlin]]'' was published in 1662 as the work of Shakespeare and [[William Rowley]]. This attribution is demonstrably fraudulent, or mistaken, as there is unambiguous evidence that the play was written in 1622, six years after Shakespeare's death. It is unlikely that Shakespeare and Rowley would have written together, as they were both chief dramatists for rival playing companies. The play has been called "funny, colourful, and fast-paced",<ref>[[#Dominik|Dominik (1991)]], p. 7.</ref> but critical consensus follows Henry Tyrrell's conclusion that the play "does not contain in it one single trace of the genius of the bard of Avon",<ref>[[#Tyrrell|Tyrrell (1800)]], [https://archive.org/stream/doubtfulplaysofs00tyrruoft#page/410/mode/2up p. 411].</ref> supplemented by C. F. Tucker Brooke's suggestion that Rowley was consciously imitating Shakespeare's style.<ref>[[#TuckerBrooke|Tucker Brooke (1908)]], [https://archive.org/stream/shakespeareapoc00broouoft#page/n49/mode/2up p. xlvi].</ref>
* ''[[Sir John Oldcastle]]'' was originally published anonymously in 1600 (STC 18796). In 1619, a second edition was attributed to Shakespeare as part of [[William Jaggard]]'s [[False Folio]]. In fact, the diary of [[Philip Henslowe]] records that it was written by [[Anthony Munday]], [[Michael Drayton]], [[Richard Hathwaye]], and [[Robert Wilson (dramatist)|Robert Wilson]].
* ''[[A Yorkshire Tragedy]]'' was published in 1608 as the work of Shakespeare. Although a minority of readers support this claim, the weight of stylistic evidence supports [[Thomas Middleton]].
* ''[[Pericles, Prince of Tyre]]'' was published under Shakespeare's name. Its uneven writing suggests that the first two acts are by another playwright. In 1868, [[Nicolaus Delius]] proposed [[George Wilkins]] as this unknown collaborator; a century later, F. D. Hoeneger proposed [[John Day (dramatist)|John Day]]. In general, critics have accepted that the last three-fifths are mostly Shakespeare's, following Gary Taylor's claim that by the middle of the Jacobean decade, "Shakespeare's poetic style had become so remarkably idiosyncratic that it stands out—even in a corrupt text—from that of his contemporaries."<ref>[[#Warren|Warren (2003)]], p. 59.</ref>
* ''[[The Two Noble Kinsmen]]'' was published in [[quarto]] in 1634 as a collaboration between Shakespeare and [[John Fletcher (playwright)|John Fletcher]], the young playwright who took over Shakespeare's job as chief playwright of the King's Men. Mainstream scholarship agrees with this attribution, and the play is widely accepted as a worthy member of the Shakespeare canon, despite its collaborative origins. It is included in its entirety in the [[Oxford Shakespeare]] (1986), and in the ''[[Riverside Shakespeare]]'' (1996).
* ''[[Edward III (play)|Edward III]]'' was published anonymously in 1596. It was first attributed to Shakespeare in a bookseller's catalogue published in 1656.<ref>[[#Greg|Greg (1902)]], [https://archive.org/stream/alistmasquespag00greggoog#page/n118/mode/2up Appendix II, p. lxiv].</ref> Various scholars have suggested Shakespeare's possible authorship, since a number of passages appear to bear his stamp, among other sections that are remarkably uninspired. In 1996, [[Yale University Press]] became the first major publisher to produce an edition of the play under Shakespeare's name, and shortly afterward, the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] performed the play (to mixed reviews). In 2001, the American professional premiere was staged by [[Pacific Repertory Theatre]], which received positive reviews for the endeavour. A consensus is emerging that the play was written by a team of dramatists including Shakespeare early in his career—but exactly who wrote what is still open to debate. William Montgomery edited the play for the Second Edition of the ''Complete Oxford Shakespeare'' (2005), where it is attributed to "William Shakespeare and Others"'.
* ''[[The London Prodigal]]'' was printed in 1605 under Shakespeare's name. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation, but according to Tucker Brooke, "Shakespeare's catholicity and psychological insight are conspicuously absent".<ref>[[#TuckerBrooke|Tucker Brooke (1908)]], [https://archive.org/stream/shakespeareapoc00broouoft#page/n33/mode/2up p. xxx].</ref> [[Frederick Gard Fleay|Fleay]] hypothesized that Shakespeare wrote a rough outline or plot and left another playwright to the actual writing.
* ''[[The Second Maiden's Tragedy]]'' survives only in manuscript. Three crossed-out attributions in seventeenth century hands attribute it to [[Thomas Goffe]], Shakespeare, and [[George Chapman]]. Professional handwriting expert [[Charles Hamilton (handwriting expert)|Charles Hamilton]] attempted to argue that the play was Shakespeare's manuscript of the lost ''[[Cardenio]]''. However, stylistic analysis strongly indicates Thomas Middleton as the true author of ''The Second Maiden's Tragedy''.
* ''The "Charles II Library" plays:'' in [[Charles II of England|Charles II's]] library, an unknown seventeenth-century person had bound together three [[quarto]]s of anonymous plays and labelled them "Shakespeare, vol. 1". As a seventeenth-century attribution, this decision warrants some consideration. The three plays are:
** ''[[Fair Em|Fair Em, the Miller's Daughter of Manchester]]'', written c. 1590. Another candidate for its authorship is [[Robert Wilson (dramatist)|Robert Wilson]].
** ''[[Mucedorus]]'', an extremely popular play; it was first printed in 1598 and went through several editions despite the text's manifestly corrupt nature. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation or revision, but its true author remains a mystery; [[Robert Greene (16th century)|Robert Greene]] is sometimes suggested.
** ''[[The Merry Devil of Edmonton]]'', first published in 1608. As it is a King's Men play, Shakespeare may have had a minor role in its creation, but the play's style bears no resemblance to Shakespeare.