Editing Shining Path (section)

== Structure ==
=== Organization ===
The Shining Path's remnants currently operate in the [[Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro|VRAEM region]] and primarily comprises two groups and their sub-branches; a [[#Paramilitary wing|paramilitary wing]] and a [[#Political wing|political wing]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2 December 2020|title=Autoridades de Perú capturan a 71 supuestos integrantes de Sendero Luminoso|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2020/12/02/autoridades-de-peru-capturan-a-71-supuestos-integrantes-de-sendero-luminoso/|access-date=4 December 2020|website=[[CNN]]|language=es}}</ref>  It was originally organised using a "concentric construction" model of structure with Communist Party organs as the complete center, followed by the paramilitary wing surrounding it, and lastly the political wing in the outermost circle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Strong |first=Simon |date=1992-05-24 |title=Where the Shining Path Leads |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/24/magazine/where-the-shining-path-leads.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This ensured the political party retained control of both its armed and social branches, contrasting itself with the more frequent ''[[Foco|foquismo]]'' model that swept through Latin American insurgencies after the [[Cuban Revolution]].

The [[Operation Victoria|capture]] of Shining Path leader [[Abimael Guzmán]] in 1992 led to the eventual splintering of the group into several factions,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> referred to by the [[Peruvian government]] as '''Shining Path remnants''' ({{langx|es|remanentes de Sendero Luminoso}}). Of these, the [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru]] (MPCP) is considered the group's main successor, founded in 1999 by brothers Víctor and Jorge Quispe Palomino after the collapse of ''Sendero Rojo'', the faction that had rejected Guzmán's peace treaty. Also active is a faction in the [[Mantaro Valley]] since 2001. The group's remnants reportedly obtain their revenue from cocaine trafficking,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Ellis|first=Evan|date=15 November 2020|title=Peru's Multidimensional Challenge – Part 2: the economic crisis, public insecurity, and organized crime|url=https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/11/perus-multidimensional-challenge-part-2-the-economic-crisis-public-insecurity-and-organized-crime/|access-date=3 December 2020|website=Global Americans|language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201183409/https://theglobalamericans.org/2020/11/perus-multidimensional-challenge-part-2-the-economic-crisis-public-insecurity-and-organized-crime/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and of these, the MPCP has attempted to recharacterise and distance itself from the original group that had attacked rural communities in the area, describing Guzmán as a "traitor".<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" />

==== Paramilitary wing ====
{{Infobox militant organization
| name             = People's Guerilla Army
| native_name      = Ejército Guerrillero Popular
| native_name_lang = es
| image            = Flag of Sendero Luminoso and the People's Guerrilla Army.svg
| caption          = 
| active           = {{nobr|3 December 1982 – 9 June 2018}}
| ideology         = 
| leaders          = 
| clans            = 
| headquarters     = 
| area             = Peru
| size             = 350 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2015/08/18/shining-path-is-back/|title=Shining Path is Back|date=18 August 2015|access-date=15 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926061045/http://www.internationalpolicydigest.org/2015/08/18/shining-path-is-back/|archive-date=26 September 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| partof           = 
| predecessor      = 
| successor        = [[Militarized Communist Party of Peru|Revolutionary Armed Forces of Peru]] (splinter group)
| allies           = '''State allies:'''
* {{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|name=Libya}} (until 2011)<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaddafi: a vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred|work=The Guardian|date=August 23, 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/23/libya-gaddafi-vicious-despot}}</ref>
'''Non-state allies:'''
* [[Revolutionary Internationalist Movement|RIM]] (until 2012)
| split            = 
| opponents        = {{flag|Peru|name=Government of Peru}}
| battles          = [[Internal conflict in Peru]]
| status           = 
| designated_as_terror_group_by = * {{flag|Canada}}
* {{flag|European Union}}
* {{flag|Japan}}
* {{flag|Peru}}
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
* {{flag|United States}}
}}
The '''People's Guerrilla Army''' ({{lang|es|Ejército Guerrillero Popular}}, '''EGP''') was officially created on 3 December 1982 for the purposes of combat, mobilisation and producing an income for the group.<ref name=":7" /> After 1992, it continued to operate under ''Sendero Rojo'', the group's armed successor until 1999, and later under the Huallaga faction that existed from 2004 to 2012. Since 2001, it has been operated by the Mantaro faction under the name of '''People's Liberation Army''' ({{lang|es|Ejército Popular de Liberación}}, '''EPL''').

The EGP's structure is as follows:
* Main Force ({{lang|es|Fuerza Principal}}; FP): Mainly armed with larger weapons, such as the [[AKM]] and [[FN FAL]] rifles as well as the [[Heckler & Koch HK21]] machine gun. Due to proficiency in armaments, this group is tasked with ambushing police and soldiers. They do not remain in locations, usually traveling across regions.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inicio, Desarrollo y Ocaso del Terrorismo en el Perú: el ABC de Sendero Luminoso y el MRTA ampliado y comentado|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66XoAAAAIAAJ|last=Jiménez Bacca|first=Benedicto|publisher=Impr. Sanki|page=110|year=2000|access-date=7 December 2017}}</ref>
* Local Force ({{lang|es|Fuerza Local}}; FL): These members are local agricultural workers who are provided minor weapons and periodically assist FP members, then later return to their work. Skilled FL members are moved into the FP's ranks.
* Base Force ({{lang|es|Fuerza de Base}}; FB): Some of the peasants of territories captured by the Shining Path are grouped into the FB, typically serving as reservists armed with handheld weapons such as knives, spears and machetes. FB members occasionally serve in surveillance tasks.'''<ref name=":2">{{cite book |title=Breve historia de Sendero Luminoso|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scg6swEACAAJ|last1=Ríos|first1=Jerónimo|last2=Sánchez|first2=Marté|publisher=Catarata|language=es|date=December 2017|access-date=28 November 2018|isbn=9788490973950}}</ref>'''

In 2009, then president [[Alan García]] accused the group of using [[Children in the military|child soldiers]] to execute wounded army personnel.<ref>[http://www.larepublica.pe/politica/30/05/2009/peru-denunciara-sendero-luminoso-ante-la-onu-y-la-oea-por-utilizar-ninos Perú denunciará a Sendero Luminoso ante la ONU y la OEA por utilizar niños] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627142735/http://www.larepublica.pe/politica/30/05/2009/peru-denunciara-sendero-luminoso-ante-la-onu-y-la-oea-por-utilizar-ninos |date=27 June 2009 }}. 30 May 2009. La República. Accessed 13 October 2009.</ref> The following year, the ''[[Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos]]'' presented a report to the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] (CIDH) detailing this practice by both the group and the [[Peruvian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=NIÑOS usados como SOLDADOS en el Perú |publisher=[[Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos]] |year=2010 |language=es |url=https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/sites/default/files/documento/pdf/Ni%C3%B1os%20usados%20como%20soldados%20en%20el%20Per%C3%BA%20-%20siglo%20XXI.pdf}}</ref>

Under the leadership of [[Comrade José|Víctor Quispe Palomino]], it was reorganised as the '''Popular Revolutionary Army''' ({{langx|es|Ejército Popular Revolucionario}}; '''ERP''') until the MPCP's formal establishment and distancing from Guzmán's original Shining Path in June 2018, after which it has claimed the name of '''Revolutionary Armed Forces of Peru''' ({{langx|es|Fuerzas armadas revolucionarias del Perú}}).<ref name=Villasante>{{Cite magazine |title=La guerra en el VRAEM: los problemas del Estado para restablecer la paz y los vacíos legales aplazados |magazine=[[:es:Instituto de Defensa Legal|Ideele]] |last=Villasante |first=Mariella |url=https://revistaideele.com/ideele/content/la-guerra-en-el-vraem-los-problemas-del-estado-para-restablecer-la-paz-y-los-vac%C3%ADos-legales |issue=284}}</ref> In 2020, it was reported to have made money from selling cigarettes, clothes, candy, raffles and other methods.<ref name=":7" />

==== Political wing ====
The '''United Front''' ({{lang|es|Frente Unido}}) serves as the political and bureaucratic arm of the Shining Path that uses ''generated organisms'' ({{langx|es|organismo generado}}), or civil organisations that support the group.<ref name=":7" /> It has two main branches, [[#MOVADEF|MOVADEF]] (2009–2024) and [[#FUDEPP|FUDEPP]],<ref name=":7" /> as well as a number of multiple smaller organisations, usually specified to a particular purpose or issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los actores armados |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125223257/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Examples of these include:
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
!Group
!Description
|-
| Frente para la Unidad y Defensa del Pueblo Peruano
| The '''Front for Unity and Defense of the Peruvian People''' ('''FUDEPP''') was created in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fudepp: la nueva fachada del Movadef en cuatro claves|url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/fudepp-conoce-nueva-fachada-movadef-cuatro-claves-noticia-1934801|date=28 September 2016|access-date=10 June 2018|work=El Comercio|language=es-PE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928155328/https://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/fudepp-conoce-nueva-fachada-movadef-cuatro-claves-noticia-1934801/ |archive-date=2016-09-28}}</ref> In association with MOVADEF, the group announced that it had 73 provincial committees and allegedly received 400,000 to 500,000 signatures for the JNE to participate in the [[2016 Peruvian general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Frente asociado al Movadef dice tener 500 mil firmas para ir a elecciones|url=http://rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/frente-asociado-al-movadef-dice-tener-500-mil-firmas-para-ir-a-elecciones-noticia-926821|access-date=27 June 2017|work=RPP Noticias}}</ref> They were ultimately prevented from participating in the elections.
|-
| [[Peru People's Movement|Movimiento Popular Perú]]
| The Peru People's Movement (MPP) serves as the group's international relations front.
|-
|colspan=2|<div style="text-align: center;">'''Defunct organisations'''</div>
|-
| Asociación de Abogados Democráticos
| The Democratic Lawyer's Association (AAD) was in charge of the legal defence of captured militants.
|-
| [[Support Committees for the Peruvian Revolution|Comités de Apoyo a la Revolución Peruana]] 
| The Support Committees for the Peruvian Revolution (CARP) were a series of overseas associations that formed part of the group's international support branch.
|-
| Coordinadora Clasista Magisterial
| The Classist Teachers Coordination (CCM) was a teacher union front whose goal was to usurp the influence of the Single Union of Education Workers of Peru (SUTEP), which held ties to one of the Shining Path's political rivals, [[Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland|Red Fatherland]] (PCP-PR). The CCM was to be purposed as a unification of Peru's teachers to serve as both dissemination and recruitment for the Shining Path's [[Internal conflict in Peru|violent takeover of the country]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-30 |title=MAGISTERIO DEL PERÚ: A propósito de una huelga del CONARE |url=https://magisterioperu1.blogspot.com/2012/07/a-proposito-de-una-huelga-del-conare.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=MAGISTERIO DEL PERÚ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Quechua |first=Víctor Manuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97wTAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Coordinadora+Clasista+Magisterial%22 |title=Perú-- 13 años de oprobio: terrorismo internacional |date=1995 |publisher=V.M. Quechua |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=INFILTRACIÓN DEL MOVADEFEN ALGUNAS DIRIGENCIAS DEL MAGISTERIO |url=https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/comisiones2017/Comision_de_Educacion__Juventud/files/exposici%C3%B3n_carlos_basombrio_21.08.2017.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAGISTERIO Y VIOLENCIA POLÍTICA 1978-2000 |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20III/CAPITULO%203%20-%20Org%20Sociales%20frente%20al%20conflicto/3.5.%20ELSISTEMA%20EDUCATIVO%20Y%20MAGISTERIO.pdf }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shining Trenches of Combat|Luminosas Trincheras de Combate]]
| The Shining Trenches of Combat (LTC) served as support bases for Shining Path prisoners until their dissolution in 1992.
|-
| Musical Guerrilla Army
| Also known in Spanish as the ''Ejército Musical Guerrillero'' (EMG), it was a British musical group founded by Adolfo Olaechea in 1991 as part of the group's international propaganda arm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=lahaine.org |title=Perú: Adolfo Olaechea, viejo hidalgo que murió soñando con la revolución |url=https://www.lahaine.org/mundo.php/peru-adolfo-olaechea-viejo-hidalgo-que-m |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=La Haine Mundo |language=es-ES}}</ref> It was made up of various Latin American musicians (especially Peruvian) residing in the [[United Kingdom]] and would typically play both folk and revolutionary songs at yearly [[May Day]] events in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brooke |first=James |date=1991-12-18 |title=Shining Path Supporters Abroad Anger Peru |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/18/world/shining-path-supporters-abroad-anger-peru.html |access-date=2023-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Such music included ''Flor de Retama'', ''El Hombre'', and ''Jovaldo''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PRIMERO DE MAYO: ORGANICÉMOS LA REVOLUCIÓN - El Diario Internacional |url=http://www.eldiariointernacional.com/spip.php?article3685 |access-date=2023-09-23 |website=www.eldiariointernacional.com}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Young Pioneers (Peru)|Pioneritos]]"
| Youth organisations based on the [[Pioneer movement]].
|-
| Socorro Popular
| People's Aid (SOPO) was created in 1979 under the leadership of Yovanka Pardavé Trujillo<ref name=UcedaR>{{Cite book |last=Uceda |first=R. |title=Muerte en el Pentegonito |pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nash |first=Nathaniel C. |date=1992-09-15 |title=PERU REBELS SAID TO REMAIN POTENT |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/15/world/peru-rebels-said-to-remain-potent.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> after the party's Tenth Expanded Plenary Session session established civil organizations to recruit the civilian population into a United Front for subversion. It was purposed to provide legal defence to members and associates accused by the state for crimes such as [[terrorism]]. It also provided logistical and medical support.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-17 |title=Abogada de Sendero Luminoso liberada tras cumplir condena en Perú |url=https://www.france24.com/es/20171017-abogada-de-sendero-luminoso-liberada-tras-cumplir-condena-en-peru |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1.1.4. La expansión del conflicto armado |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20II/CAPITULO%201%20-%20Los%20actores%20armados%20del%20conflicto/1.1.%20PCP-SL/Cap%20IV%20SL%2086-92.pdf}}</ref> In 1985, SOPO suffered an internal line struggle over the issue of the militarization of mass organizations.  By the end of 1986, SOPO became integral to the Shining Path's armed "[[Internal conflict in Peru|people's war]]," with militant detachments carved out of the group for conducting various terrorist attacks. Directed by the Pilot Plan of the Revolutionary Movement for the Defense of the People (MRDP), SOPO would displace the Metropolitan Committee (METRO) as an important central apparatus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=LAS OPERACIONES DE INTELIGENCIA DEL GEIN QUE CONDUJERON A LA CAPTURA DEL LÍDER DE SL ABIMAEL GUZMAN by Benedicto Jiménez 1509 - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/abogadolitigante912/docs/operaciones_gein |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> Pardavé was replaced by [[Martha Huatay]] in 1991, who led the group until it was dismantled in 1992 after both Trujillo and Huatay were captured by [[DIRCOTE]] agents.<ref name=UcedaR/><ref>{{Cite web |last=PERÚ |first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA |title=Peru: Judiciary orders 9-month pre-trial detention for Martha Huatay |url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-judiciary-orders-9month-pretrial-detention-for-martha-huatay-935379.aspx |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=andina.pe |language=es}}</ref>
|-
| Movimiento Clasista Barrial
| The Neighbourhood Class Movement (MCB) tended to invade and occupy private property until their disestablishment.
|-
| Movimiento de Artistas Populares
| The Popular Artist Movement (MAP) was formed in 1988.<ref name=Pacarina>{{Cite web |title=Violencia política y teatro en el Perú de los 80. El teatro producido por Sendero Luminoso y el Movimiento de Artistas Populares |url=https://pacarinadelsur.com/home/pielago-de-imagenes/625-violencia-politica-y-teatro-en-el-peru-de-los-80-el-teatro-producido-por-sendero-luminoso-y-el-movimiento-de-artistas-populares |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Pacarina del Sur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209173300/https://pacarinadelsur.com/home/pielago-de-imagenes/625-violencia-politica-y-teatro-en-el-peru-de-los-80-el-teatro-producido-por-sendero-luminoso-y-el-movimiento-de-artistas-populares |archive-date=2013-02-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Its purpose was to utilize artists to disseminate political propaganda to the population through the art of [[slogan]]eering, with particular attention to the universities. It regularly incorporated folklore in its work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.verdadyreconciliacionperu.com/admin/files/articulos/2070_digitalizacion.pdf|title=EL PCP-SENDERO LUMINOSO EN LAS UNIVERSIDADES, CONCEPTO Y PRÁCTICA DEL FOLKLORE: El "Arte de nuevo tipo" en los sikuris}}</ref> Although the exact connection between Shining Path's central apparatus and MAP is disputed, with some considering it as an independent development from the party, the MAP was a contributing effort to the communists' protracted "people's war."<ref name=Valenzuela>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0188-70172011000100015&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es|title=Subalternidad y violencia política en el teatro peruano: El ingreso del campesino como referente de cambio en los discursos teatrales|first=Manuel Luis|last=Valenzuela Marroquín|date=June 30, 2011|journal=Alteridades|volume=21|issue=41|pages=161–174|via=SciELO}}</ref> MAP actions were carried out in universities, union halls, neighbourhoods, cultural institutions and young towns.<ref name=":0" /> Performances included theatrical performances, dance and music through [[sikuri]] groups.<ref name=Valenzuela/>
|-
| Movimiento de Obreros y Trabajadores Clasistas
| The Movement of Classist Workers and Laborers (MOTC) was formed in 1976, and formalised into the Shining Path's united front in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LA REGIÓN LIMA METROPOLITANA |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20IV/SECCION%20TERCERA-Los%20Escenarios%20de%20la%20Violencia/Historias%20Regionales/1.5%20REGION%20LIMA%20METROPOLITANA.pdf}}</ref> It had the objective of recruiting urban [[Trade union|union workers]] for the party, however it mainly had a presence with [[Informal economy|informal]] and [[Migrant worker|itinerant workers]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=La violencia política en el mundo laboral peruano |url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/debatesensociologia/article/download/2167/2098/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-23 |title=Memorias desde Némesis by P.C.P. - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/pcp_/docs/memoriasdesdenemesis |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> After the Chuschi attack, the MOTC initiated the first Shining Path attack in [[Lima]] with [[molotov cocktail]]s at [[San Martín de Porres District]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Informe Final Tomo III - CVR |url=https://idehpucp.pucp.edu.pe/images/docs/tomo_iii.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Movimiento de Trabajadores Ambulantes
| The Street Vendors' Movement (MTA) was created to target [[Hawker (trade)|street vendors]].
|-
| Movimiento Femenino Popular
| The Popular Woman's Movement (MFP) was created by [[Augusta La Torre]] as the main feminist branch of the group.
|-
| Movimiento Intelectual Popular
| The Popular Intellectual Movement (MIP) was an academic-based mass organization created in 1979 as part of the party's Fourth Expanded Plenary Session, which defined the structure and duties of various legal fronts to serve recruitment of the united front.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Los actores armados |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125223257/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> It was directed by Hugo Muñoz Sánchez and targeted students, professors, writers, artists, and journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Universidad Nacional de Educación Enrique Guzmán y Valle "La Cantuta" |url=https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20V/SECCION%20TERCERA-Los%20Escenarios%20de%20la%20violencia%20(continuacion)/2.%20HISTORIAS%20REPRESENTATIVAS%20DE%20LA%20VIOLENCIA/2.19%20LA%20CANTUTA.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-30 |title=El ABC de Sendero Luminoso Tomo i Edición 2000 Autor Benedicto Jiménez by Benedicto Jiménez 1509 - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/abogadolitigante912/docs/sendero_luminoso_parte_uno_5600edf3e54f00 |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> The organization had influence in both universities and pro-Sendero neighbourhoods, which would be used to form an ideological justification for the party's subversive actions, including its terrorist attacks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El olvido está lleno de memoria. Juventud, universitaria y violencia política en el Perú: la matanza de estudiantes de La Cantuta _ Cap3 |url=https://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtual/tesis/human/sandoval_l_p/cap3.htm |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interrogatorio realizado a Manuel Juan Angulo Andia (a) Camarada "Javier" o "Ivan" |url=https://cedoc.sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/public/pdf/gorriti/Subfondo_%20INFORMES%20Y%20OFICIOS/Serie_%20MINISTERIO%20DEL%20INTERIOR/Subserie_%20PIP/4.2.3.15.pdf}}</ref> MIP was involved with the propaganda of other mass organizations, such as the Popular Women's Movement, The Front of Mariateguist Artists and Intellectuals (FAIM), The Pink School (in [[France]]), and The Ayacucho Study Circle (in [[Sweden]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=República |first=La |date=2003-07-12 |title=Mientras SL se fracciona, sus líderes se pierden en pleitos de callejón Por el Sendero de la div |url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/344727-mientras-sl-se-fracciona-sus-lideres-se-pierden-en-pleitos-de-callejon-por-el-sendero-de-la-div |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=larepublica.pe |language=es}}</ref> Like many public fronts associated with the Shining Path, the MIP fell in significance with the relative decline and collapse of the central party body.
|-
| Movimiento Juvenil Popular
| The Popular Youth Movement (MJP) was one of the first organisms established by the group.
|-
| Movimiento por la Amnistía y Derechos Fundamentales
| The '''Movement for Amnesty and Fundamental Rights''' ('''MOVADEF''') was created on 20 November 2009 when Alfredo Crespo, the defense lawyer of Abimael Guzmán, and fifteen others gathered.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last=Vásquez|first=Rocío La Rosa|title=Apología sin castigo: casos relacionados a terrorismo que fueron archivados|url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/apologia-castigo-casos-relacionados-terrorismo-archivados-427097|date=30 May 2017|access-date=23 June 2017|work=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref> MOVADEF has three sub-branches; the Central Historical Committee, the Provisional Central Committee and the National Executive Committee (CEN).<ref name=":7" /> The branch filed to become a political party in Peru with the [[National Jury of Elections]] (JNE) in 2011, though the application was denied.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=A propósito de capturas, qué es el Movadef y qué pretende|url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/justicia/proposito-capturas-movadef-pretende-377452|date=10 April 2014|access-date=27 June 2017|work=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref> The Peruvian government had accused MOVADEF of advocating terrorism,<ref>{{cite news|title=Estado peruano se defenderá con firmeza frente a denuncia del Movadef ante la CIDH|url=http://rpp.pe/politica/judiciales/estado-peruano-se-defendera-con-firmeza-frente-a-denuncia-del-movadef-ante-la-cidh-noticia-1055706|access-date=23 June 2017|work=rpp.pe}}</ref> eventually ordering the dissolution of the group in 2024.<ref name=MOVADEF2024/>
|}

=== Ideology ===
As its power grew, the Shining Path changed its official ideology from "[[Marxism–Leninism–Maoism|Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong thought]]" to "[[Gonzalo Thought|Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo thought]]" – according to some authors, a [[cult of personality]] grew around Guzmán.{{sfn|Gorriti|1999|p=185}}

Ideologically Maoist, the Shining Path is unique because it did not completely accept orthodox Marxist doctrine, instead, it considered the teachings of Guzmán to supersede the teachings of Marx, Lenin, Stalin and Mao. Guzmán's philosophy combined Marxism–Leninism, Maoism and indigenous Indian traditionalism, championing the liberation of Peru's [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]-speaking Incans and mestizos. The party's name was also coined by Guzmán, who infused his communist rhetoric with [[Inca mythology]], he described his form of Marxist-Maoist thought as a "shining path" towards the liberation of Peru's natives. Because of this, the Shining Path also featured elements of Incan particularism, and it also rejected outside influences, especially non-indigenous influences.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues |edition=3rd |first=Gus |last=Martin |author-link=C. Augustus Martin |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4129-7059-4 |pages=234–235}}</ref>

The Shining Path declared that it was a feminist organization and in accordance with this declaration, many women acquired leadership positions. In the organisation, 40% of the fighters and 50% of the members of its Central Committee were women.<ref>[https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2020/04/ZAMORA_YUSTI/61627 Género y conflicto armado en el Perú], Sous la direction d’Anouk Guiné et de Maritza Felices-Luna</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CAPÍTULO 1 EXPLICANDO EL CONFLICTO ARMADO INTERNO |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol8.pdf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201216041221/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol8.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>

==== People's Republic ====
{{main|Territory of the Shining Path}}
The Shining Path sought to replace the [[Republic of Peru]] with a "[[People's Republic]] which would adhere to the doctrine of [[New Democracy]]" ({{langx|es|República Popular de Nueva Democracia}}, RPND),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mauceri |first1=Philip |title=State Under Siege: Development And Policy Making In Peru |date=1996 |page=123 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=0813336074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alexander|first=Yonah|title=Combating terrorism: strategies of ten countries|year=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0472098241|pages=92}}</ref> also known by its proposed name of "People's Republic of Peru" ({{langx|es|República Popular del Perú}}).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peru rebel calls for 'People's War' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/09/25/peru-rebel-calls-for-peoples-war/1b44c63b-7206-4e96-9ea3-013c5d8d542e/ |last=Schmidt-Lynch |first=Corinne |date=1992-09-25 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |quote=Guzman urged his followers to "continue the tasks" laid out by the guerrilla leadership. He ended his seven-minute talk, declaring, "The people's war will triumph, and from here we salute the future birth of the People's Republic of Peru." Then he shouted to journalists, "That's all. If you want an interview, ask your government."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Atwood |first=Roger |date=1990-04-01 |title=Prison in Peru Becomes a Forge for Guerrillas |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-01-mn-730-story.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The RPND was first named at the third session of the first central committee, held in 1983, with its establishment meaning that the armed branch of the group would become a "People's Liberation Army," as per the group's so-called grand plan. Additionally, the term "People's Republic" was also suggested as a possible name for the upcoming state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/content/1992 |title=Año: 1992 § Violencia de origen político |website=[[Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclusion|Centro de Documentación e Investigación]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320161226/https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/content/1992 |archive-date=2021-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Informe final |publisher=[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación]] |year=2003 |pages=44–45, 286 |language=es |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125223257/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/resources/collections/commissions/Peru01-Report/Peru01-Report_Vol2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2017 |volume=2}}</ref>

=== Use of violence ===
Although the reliability of reports regarding the Shining Path's actions remains a matter of controversy in Peru, the organization's use of violence is well documented. According to [[InSight Crime]], Shining Path would kill their opponents "with assassinations, bombings, [[beheadings]] and massacres" as well as "[[stoning]] victims to death.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" />

The Shining Path rejected the concept of human rights; a Shining Path document stated:
{{blockquote|text=We start by not ascribing to either the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] or the Costa Rica [[American Convention on Human Rights|Convention on Human Rights]], but we have used their legal devices to unmask and denounce the old Peruvian state... For us, human rights are contradictory to the rights of the people, because we base rights in man as a social product, not man as an abstract with innate rights. "Human rights" do not exist except for the [[Bourgeoisie|bourgeois]] man, a position that was at the forefront of [[feudalism]], like [[Liberté, égalité, fraternité|liberty, equality, and fraternity]] were advanced for the bourgeoisie of the past. But today, since the appearance of the [[proletariat]] as an organized class in the Communist Party, with the experience of triumphant revolutions, with the construction of socialism, new democracy and the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]], it has been proven that human rights serve the oppressor class and the exploiters who run the [[imperialist]] and landowner-bureaucratic states. Bourgeois states in general... Our position is very clear. We reject and condemn human rights because they are bourgeois, reactionary, counterrevolutionary rights, and are today a weapon of revisionists and imperialists, principally [[Yankee]] imperialists.|author=Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path|source=''Sobre las Dos Colinas''<ref>Communist Party of Peru. "Sobre las Dos Colinas" [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm Part 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114214002/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas3.htm |date=14 November 2006}} and [http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm Part 5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901112526/http://www.blythe.org/peru-pcp/docs_sp/colinas5.htm |date=1 September 2006}} available online. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref>}}

After the collapse of the Fujimori government, interim President [[Valentín Paniagua]] established a [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] to investigate the conflict. The Commission found in its 2003 ''Final Report'' that 69,280 people died or [[Forced disappearance|disappeared]] between 1980 and 2000 as a result of the armed conflict.<ref name="CVRdead">Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf Annex 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204001340/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/Tomo%20-%20ANEXOS/ANEXO%202.pdf|date=4 February 2007}} Page 17. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</ref> The Shining Path was found to be responsible for about 54% of the deaths and disappearances reported to the commission.<ref>Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación. [http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20I/Primera%20Parte%20El%20Proceso-Los%20hechos-Las%20v%EDctimas/Seccion%20Primera-Panorama%20General/3.%20LOS%20ROSTROS%20Y%20PERFILES%20DE%20LA%20VIOLENCIA.pdf Book I Part I] Page 186. Retrieved 14 January 2008</ref> A statistical analysis of the available data led the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to estimate that the Shining Path was responsible for the death or disappearance of 31,331 people, 46% of the total deaths and disappearances.<ref name="CVRdead" /> According to a summary of the report by [[Human Rights Watch]], "Shining Path{{nbsp}}... killed about half the victims, and roughly one-third died at the hands of government security forces{{nbsp}}... The commission attributed some of the other slayings to a smaller guerrilla group and local militias. The rest remain unattributed."<ref>Human Rights Watch. 28 August 2003. [https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2003/08/28/peru-prosecutions-should-follow-truth-commission-report "Peru – Prosecutions Should Follow Truth Commission Report"]. Retrieved 21 April 2009.</ref> The MRTA was held responsible for 1.5% of the deaths.<ref>Laura Puertas, Inter Press Service. 29 August 2003. [http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/ Peru: 20 Years of Bloodshed and Death"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040321152630/http://www.oneworld.net/article/view/66920/1/|date=21 March 2004}}. Retrieved 13 January 2008.</ref> A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate", and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 January 2019|title=Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capture–recapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=2053168018820375|doi=10.1177/2053168018820375|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rendon|first=Silvio|date=1 April 2019|title=A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball|journal=Research & Politics|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=2053168019840972|doi=10.1177/2053168019840972|issn=2053-1680|doi-access=free}}</ref> The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manrique-Vallier |first1=Daniel |last2=Ball |first2=Patrick |date=January 2019 |title=Reality and risk: A refutation of S. Rendón's analysis of the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission's conflict mortality study |language=en |volume=6 |pages=205316801983562 |doi=10.1177/2053168019835628 |issn=2053-1680 |doi-access=free |number=1 |periodical=Research & Politics}}</ref>

==== Allegations of violence against LGBT people ====
The Shining Path has been accused of [[violence against LGBT people]]. Between 1989 and 1992, the Shining Path and the MRTA killed up to 500 "non-heterosexual" people.<ref>artículo en el sitio web ''Actitud Gay Magazine'' (Buenos Aires) del 21 de mayo de 2007. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref> According to one woman who was kidnapped by the Shining Path in 1981, a homosexual man's penis was cut into pieces before he was murdered. The Peruvian government did not reveal the name of the victim. The Shining Path defended its actions by saying that LGBT individuals were not killed because of their sexual identity, instead, they were killed because of their "collaboration with the police."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121111074121/http://www.m-x.com.mx/2012-02-27/movimiento-homosexual-peruano-pide-un-castigo-contra-lider-de-sendero-luminoso-por-muerte-de-500-gays-y-travestis/ «El Movimiento Homosexual Peruano pide un castigo contra el líder de Sendero Luminoso por la muerte de 500 gays y travestis»], artículo en el sitio web M-X. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref><ref>[http://gpuc-guds.blogspot.com/2010/05/los-homosexuales-y-sendero-luminoso.html «Los homosexuales y Sendero Luminoso»], artículo en el sitio web GPUC (Grupo Universitario por la Diversidad Sexual). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2012.</ref>

The Shining Path has denied such allegations, stating, "It is probable that the PCP has executed a homosexual, but rest assured that it was not done because of their sexual orientation but because of their position against the revolution... Our view is that homosexual orientation is not an ideological matter but one of individual preference... Party membership is open to all those who support the cause of communist revolution and the principles of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, Gonzalo Thought, regardless of what their sexual preferences may be."<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCP Responds to Allegations of Gay Persecution |url=https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/1994/mar/15/pcp-responds-to-allegations-of-gay-persecution/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=www.prisonlegalnews.org}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2022}}

==== Women in the Shining Path ====
The number of women involved in the armed struggle remained high throughout the war, participating at almost all logistical, military and strategic levels as militants, guerrilla commanders and top party leaders of the organisation. The high proportion of women was a given and desired from the outset; the success of the internal Peruvian revolution was explicitly made dependent on the participation of women. Up to forty per cent of the guerrillas were women, and there were countless "ladies of death" who led military commandos. In 1992, at least eight of the nineteen members of the Central Committee were women, including three of the five members of the Politburo, and in 1980 more than a third of the women arrested had a degree. In criminal proceedings against senderista in 1987, the majority were women. The Shining Path was the first guerrilla organisation to incorporate women on a completely equal military footing with its male members, actively recruiting women on a large scale and appointing them to leading positions.<ref>Nathaniel C. Nash: Shining Path Women: So Many and So Furios.. Lima Journal, Abschnitt A. The New York Times, New York. 22 September 1992.</ref>

The Movimiento Femenino Popular (MFP) group was officially formed in 1974 from the merger of two groups, the Centro Femenino Popular and the Frente Femenino Universitario. The "MFP Manifiesto" traces the origins of the group back to the mid-1960s, when female students and academics began to organise their own groups and factions in other student organisations and to reflect on revolution and "the thesis of the great Lenin on the participation of women and the success of a revolution" from 1968 onwards. During these years, more and more women were studying and trying to enter the labour market. The percentage of women at university in Ayacucho was particularly high: in 1968, 30% of students were women, mainly in the departments of obstetrics and social and educational services. The unequal access to work and education exacerbated the differences between classes and between rural and urban populations, especially within the female population. Women became increasingly involved and organised in various movements as an expression of their protest and frustration.<ref>Jaymie Patricia Heilman: "Family Ties: The Political Genealogy of Shining Path's Comrade Norah". ''Bulletin of Latin American Research'', Vol. 29. 1. April 2010, 155–169.</ref> So much so, that by the year 1990, women held eight of the nineteen Central Committee positions. This was more involvement from women than any of the other leftist movements in Peru. Women in Peru even acknowledge the Shining Path movement as a step-away from the male-dominated societies that are renowned in many parts of Latin America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Starn |first=Orin |date=1995 |title=Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path and the Refusal of History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/158120 |journal=Journal of Latin American Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=399–421 |doi=10.1017/S0022216X00010804 |jstor=158120 |issn=0022-216X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was far different than what has been seen before the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peruvian Truth]] was revealed. Many women were joining the armed forces to obtain basic rights and securities. Despite many arrests and incarcerations of women, this time period revolutionized women's rights in Peru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Boutron |first1=Camille |last2=Constant |first2=Chloé |date=2013 |title=Gendering Transnational Criminality: The Case of Women's Imprisonment in Peru |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670827 |journal=Signs |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=177–195 |doi=10.1086/670827 |jstor=10.1086/670827 |issn=0097-9740|url-access=subscription }}</ref>