Editing Shot clock (section)

==History==
The NBA has had a 24-second limit since 1954. [[FIBA]] introduced a 30-second shot clock in 1956 and switched to 24 seconds in 2000. The [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA) had a 30-second clock originally and switched to 24 seconds in 2006. Collegiate basketball uses a 30-second shot clock (details [[#Collegiate and scholastic rules|below]]).

===Background===
[[File:GeorgeMikan.jpg|thumb|Stall tactics to limit big man [[George Mikan]] (#99) led to the shot clock's creation by the NBA.]]
The NBA had problems attracting fans (and positive media coverage) before the shot clock's inception.<ref name="Pluto">{{Cite book |last=Pluto |first=Terry |year=1992 |title=Tall Tales: The Glory Years of the NBA, in the Words of the Men Who Played, Coached, and Built Pro Basketball}}</ref>{{rp|23–31}} Teams in the lead were [[running out the clock]], passing the ball incessantly. The trailing team could do nothing but commit fouls to recover possession following the free throw. Frequent low-scoring games with many fouls bored fans. The most extreme case occurred on November 22, 1950, when the [[Fort Wayne Pistons]] defeated the [[Minneapolis Lakers]] by a record-low score of 19–18, including 3–1 in the fourth quarter.<ref name="nbahistory">[http://www.nba.com/analysis/00422949.html "History of the Shot Clock"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231859/http://www.nba.com/analysis/00422949.html|date=April 24, 2012}} NBA.</ref> The Pistons held the ball for minutes at a time without shooting (they attempted 13 shots for the game) to limit the impact of the Lakers' dominant [[George Mikan]]. It led the ''[[St. Paul Dispatch]]'' to write, "[The Pistons] gave pro basketball a great black eye."<ref name=Pomerantz>{{cite book |last=Pomerantz |first=Gary M. |year=2005 |title=Wilt, 1962: The Night of 100 Points and the Dawn of a New Era |location=New York |publisher=Crown |isbn=1-4000-5160-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/wilt1962nightof00pome }}</ref>{{rp|31–2}} NBA President [[Maurice Podoloff]] said, "In our game, with the number of stars we have, we of necessity run up big scores."<ref name=Pomerantz />{{rp|33}} A few weeks after the Pistons/Lakers game, the [[Rochester Royals]] and [[Indianapolis Olympians]] played a six-overtime game with only one shot in each overtime: in each overtime period, the team that had the ball first held it for the entirety of the period before attempting a last-second shot. The NBA tried several rule changes in the early 1950s to speed up the game and reduce fouls before eventually adopting the shot clock.

===Creation===
In 1954 in [[Syracuse, New York]], [[Syracuse Nationals]] (now the Philadelphia 76ers) owner [[Danny Biasone]] and general manager [[Leo Ferris]] experimented with a 24-second shot clock during a scrimmage.<ref>{{Cite web|title = NBA.com: 24-Second Shot Clock Rescues League|url = http://www.nba.com/history/season/19541955.html|website = www.nba.com|access-date = November 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = National efforts to honor Syracuse hoops pioneers: Good day to remember Earl Lloyd, Leo Ferris|url = http://www.syracuse.com/kirst/index.ssf/2015/10/syracuse_nationals_leo_ferris_earl_lloyd.html|website = syracuse.com| date=31 October 2015 |access-date = November 3, 2015}}</ref> Jack Andrews, longtime basketball writer for ''The Syracuse Post-Standard'', often recalled how Ferris would sit at Danny Biasone's Eastwood bowling alley, scribbling potential shot clock formulas onto a napkin.<ref>{{Cite web|title = A question for a Hall of Fame dinner in Syracuse: When will Leo Ferris make it in?|url = http://www.syracuse.com/kirst/index.ssf/2012/10/post_337.html|website = syracuse.com| date=16 October 2012 |access-date = November 3, 2015}}</ref> According to Biasone, "I looked at the box scores from the games I enjoyed, games where they didn't screw around and stall. I noticed each team took about 60 shots. That meant 120 shots per game. So I took 2,880 seconds (48 minutes) and divided that by 120 shots. The result was 24 seconds per shot."<ref name="nbahistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Long-forgotten Leo Ferris helped devise NBA's 24-second clock, first used 61 years ago today|url = https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/14007640/long-forgotten-leo-ferris-helped-devise-nba-24-second-clock-first-used-61-years-ago-today|website = ESPN.com| date=30 October 2015 |access-date = November 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Pluto" />{{rp|29}} Ferris was singled out by business manager Bob Sexton at the 1954 team banquet for pushing the shot clock rule. Biasone and Ferris then convinced the NBA to adopt it for the [[1954–55 NBA season|1954–55 season]], a season in which the Nationals won the [[1955 NBA Finals|NBA Championship]][[Image:Syracuse Shot Clock Monument.jpg|thumb|300px|The Shot Clock Monument in [[Armory Square]] in [[Syracuse, New York]].]]
[[Image:Syracuse Shot Clock Monument Close-Up.jpg|thumb|300px|Close-up of Syracuse's Shot Clock Monument.]]

===Models===
Originally, the shot clocks used in the NBA were usually single-sided in a black box. A 1991 rule change required game clocks to be included with shot clocks in the NBA.  Eventually, after the rule change, multiple-sided began to be used, and would be in most of the arenas.  A 2002 NBA rule change allowing instant replay review of last-second shots required four-sided units in NBA venues, along with an accompanying shot clock light to determine if the shot went off in time.  In 2005, the [[FedExForum]] in Memphis opened with a new two-sided transparent shot clock developed by [[Daktronics]] with a smaller secondary version also accompanying the larger one.  By the 2010's, the twin shot clock format, used by Daktronics and Canadian rival OES, became the standard for most venues, especially in NCAA play.  In the [[2014-15 NBA season|2014-15 season]], the NBA signed a deal with Tissot, a Swiss watch company, for specification two-sided transparent shot clock, which was thinner than its predecessors. But in many international leagues and the collegiate level, the older 3-sided and 4-sided shot clocks are still in use, except for Daktronics, OES, and SwissTiming/Tissot venues.

===Adoption by other leagues===
Two later pro leagues that rivaled the NBA adopted a modified version of the shot clock.  The [[American Basketball League (1961–1963)|American Basketball League]] used a 30-second shot clock for its two years in existence {{nowrap|(1961–1963).}} The [[American Basketball Association]] also adopted a 30-second clock when it launched in {{nowrap|[[1967–68 ABA season|1967–68]],}} switching to the NBA's 24-second length for its final season {{nowrap|[[1975–76 ABA season|(1975–76)]].}}

From its inception in [[1975 PBA season|1975]], the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] adopted a 25-second shot clock. This was because the shot clocks then installed at the league's main venues, the [[Araneta Coliseum]] and [[Rizal Memorial Coliseum]] (the latter no longer used by the league), could only be set at 5-second intervals. The league later adopted a 24-second clock starting from the [[1995 PBA season|1995 season]]. The [[Metropolitan Basketball Association]] in the Philippines used the 23-second clock from its maiden season in 1998. In Philippine college basketball, the [[NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines)]] and the [[UAAP Basketball Championship]] adopted a 30-second clock, then switched to 24 seconds starting with the 2001–02 UAAP season 64, the first season to start after the FIBA rule change in 2001.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}