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Signal passed at danger
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==Causes== The high [[inertia]] of trains, and the low [[Adhesion railway|adhesion]] between the wheels and track, means it takes a long [[Braking_distance|distance]] for the [[Railway_brake|train brakes]] to stop a train. SPADs are most commonly a small overrun of the signal (instead of a long overrun), because the driver has braked too late. The safety consequences for these types of SPADs may be minor. On the other hand, some SPADs involve the driver being unaware they have passed a signal at danger and continue until notified by network controllers, or a collision occurs, as in the [[Ladbroke Grove rail crash]]. The causes and prevention of SPADs is actively researched. Causes of SPADs are always multidimensional.{{cn|date=May 2024|reason=As it would only take a single counterexample to disprove it, this is an extraordinary claim.}} Some of the causes of SPADs are: *Misjudgement<ref name="Humreb">{{Cite web|url=http://www.humanreliability.com/articles/Getting%20at%20the%20underlying%20causes%20of%20SPADs.pdf|title=Articles}}</ref> *Environmental conditions *[[Attention|Inattention]] *[[Distraction]]<ref name="NTSB Texting"/> *[[Fatigue (safety)|Fatigue]]<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine= Rail Magazine|title=Driver fatigue caused two Reading SPADs, says RAIB report|volume= 812|page=23|date=26 October – 8 November 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Managing the risk from fatigue|url=http://www.rssb.co.uk/library/improving-industry-performance/2016-01-poster-human-factors.pdf|website=RSSB|publisher=[[Rail Safety and Standards Board]]|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> *Misreading of an adjacent signal due to line curvature (a “crossread”), or sighting on one beyond<ref name="Humreb"/> *[[Understanding|Misunderstanding]] *[[Communication|Miscommunication]]<ref name="Humreb"/> *Incomplete or lapsed [[Route knowledge (rail)|route knowledge]] *[[Acute (medicine)|Acute medical condition]] (medical emergency), such as a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] or [[stroke]] *[[Chronic condition|Chronic medical condition]], such as [[sleep apnea]] causing [[microsleep]] * Driver deviation from standard operating procedures<ref name="DW17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2019/rair/ro-2019-009|title=Signal DP29 passed at danger involving suburban passenger train DW17 and near collision with another suburban passenger train Park Road Station, Queensland, on 25 March 2019}}</ref> * False assumptions based on familiarity and past situations<ref name="DW17"/> * Poor change management practices<ref name="DW17"/> * Failure to properly assess competencies<ref name="DW17"/>
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