Editing Siwi language (section)

==Phonology==
As analysed by Naumann,<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Naumann|2012}}</ref> Siwi has a total of 44 phonologically distinctive segments, 38 consonants and 6 vowels.

===Consonants===
The Siwa language contains 38 consonants, each of which can appear either short or long.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Naumann|2012|p=308}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2"| [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
!colspan="2"| [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /><small>[[Apical consonant|(Apical)]]</small>
!rowspan="2"| [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]<br/>/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /><small>[[Laminal consonant|(Laminal)]]</small>
!colspan="2"| [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan="2"| [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
!rowspan="2"| [[Epiglottal consonant|Epiglottal]]
!rowspan="2"| [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: x-small;"
! plain
! [[Pharyngealization|phar.]]
! plain
! [[Pharyngealization|phar.]]
! plain
! [[Labialization|lab.]]
! plain
! [[Labialization|lab.]]
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|mˤ}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| || || || || || || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ||
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}*
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}}
| {{IPA link|q}}
| {{IPA link|qʷ}}
|
| ({{IPA link|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|bˤ}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}*
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡʷ}}
| 
| 
| ||
|-
!rowspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|fˤ}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| ||
| {{IPA link|χ}}
| {{IPA link|χʷ}}
| 
| 
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ||
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|zˤ}}
| || ||
| {{IPA link|ʁ}}*
| {{IPA link|ʁʷ}}*
|
| {{IPA link|ɦ}}*
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| ||
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|lˤ}}
| 
|
| 
| || || ||
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| ||
| 
| 
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
| || || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
!<small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| || || || || || || |
| 
|  
| {{IPA link|ʜ}}
|
|-
!<small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ||
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}*
| {{IPA link|rˤ}}
| || || || || 
| {{IPA link|ʢ}}*
| |
|}

;Notes

* {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/ /d͡ʒ/}} are phonetically affricates, not stops.
* {{IPA|/ʁ ʁʷ ʢ ɦ/}} can appear as approximants.
* The geminate counterpart of {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is {{IPA|[rː]}}.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Naumann|2012|p=264}}</ref>

The transcription of these consonants differs somewhat from source to source.  Naumann<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Naumann|2012|p=312}}</ref> proposes a practical Latin-based transcription inspired by common practice in other Berber languages: pharyngealised consonants are transcribed with an underdot (e.g., {{angbr|ṭ}} for {{IPA|/tˤ/}}), postalveolars are written with a hacek ({{angbr|č}}, {{angbr|ğ}}, {{angbr|š}} for {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}), semivowel {{IPA|/j/}} as {{angbr|y}}, uvular fricatives as corresponding velars ({{angbr|x}}, {{angbr|ɣ}}) and epiglottals as {{angbr|ḥ}}, {{angbr|ɛ}}.  However, the epiglottals are often instead transcribed as corresponding pharyngeals {{angbr|ħ}}, {{angbr|ʕ}}, avoiding the danger of mistaking {{angbr|ɛ}} for a vowel, while the voiced postalveolar affricate/fricative is often written as {{angbr|j}} or {{angbr|ž}}.  All sources transcribe the glottal fricative as {{angbr|h}}.

===Vowels===
Siwi has six phonemic vowels: {{IPA|/a, e, i, o, u, ə/}}.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Naumann|2012|p=273}}</ref> The mid vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are excluded from word-final position, and {{IPA|/o/}} is rare. The presence of mid vowels is unusual for a Berber language, and largely reflects Siwi-specific sound changes as well as borrowing from dialectal Arabic; before these changes, the proto-Berber distinction between *i and *e had been neutralized in every environment except before word-final {{IPA|/n/}}.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Souag|van Putten|2016}}</ref>