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Slag
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==Ore smelting== [[File:The_Manufacture_of_Iron_--_Carting_Away_the_Scoriae.jpg|right|thumb|''The Manufacture of Iron β Carting Away the ScoriΓ¦'' (slag), an 1873 [[wood engraving]]]] In nature, iron, copper, lead, [[nickel]], and other metals are found in impure states called [[ores]], often [[Redox|oxidized]] and mixed in with [[silicate]]s of other metals. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control the slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace [[refractory]] lining from excessive wear. In this case, the slag is termed ''synthetic''. A good example is steelmaking slag: [[quicklime]] (CaO) and [[magnesite]] (MgCO<sub>3</sub>) are introduced for refractory protection, neutralizing the [[alumina]] and [[silica]] separated from the metal, and assisting in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from the steel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} As a co-product of [[steelmaking]], slag is typically produced either through the [[blast furnace]] β [[Basic oxygen steelmaking|oxygen converter]] route or the [[electric arc furnace]] β ladle furnace route.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fruehan|first=Richard|title=The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Steelmaking and Refining Volume |edition=11th |publisher=The AISE Steel Foundation|year=1998|isbn=0-930767-02-0|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA|pages=10}}</ref> To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, [[limestone]] and/or [[Dolomite (mineral)|dolomite]] are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as [[Calcium aluminates|calcium aluminate]] or [[Fluorite|fluorspar]].
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