Editing Slum (section)

==History==
[[File:Jacob Riis - Bandits' Roost.jpg|thumb|One of the many New York City slum photographs of [[Jacob Riis]] (ca 1890). Squalor can be seen in the streets, wash clothes hanging between buildings.]]
[[File:Jacob Riis, Lodgers in a Crowded Bayard Street Tenement.jpg|thumb|Inside of a slum house, from Jacob Riis photo collection of New York City (ca 1890).]]
[[File:Poverty map old nichol 1889.jpg|thumb|Part of [[Charles Booth (philanthropist)|Charles Booth]]'s [[poverty map]] showing the [[Old Nichol]], a slum in the [[East End of London]]. Published 1889 in [[Life and Labour of the People in London]]. The red areas are "middle class, well-to-do", light blue areas are "poor, 18s to 21s a week for a moderate family", dark blue areas are "very poor, casual, chronic want", and black areas are the "lowest class...occasional labourers, street sellers, loafers, criminals and semi-criminals".]]

Before the 19th century, rich and poor people lived in the same districts, with the wealthy living on the high streets, and the poor in the service streets behind them. But in the 19th century, wealthy and upper-middle-class people began to move out of the central part of rapidly growing cities, leaving poorer residents behind.<ref>Flanders, Judith (May 15, 2014) [https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/slums "Discovering Literature: Romantics & Victorians: Slums"] [[British Library]]</ref>

Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the early 20th century. London's East End is generally considered the locale where the term originated in the 19th century, where massive and rapid urbanization of the dockside and industrial areas led to intensive overcrowding in a warren of post-medieval streetscape. The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist authors such as [[Charles Dickens]] – most famously ''[[Oliver Twist]]'' (1837–1839) and echoed the [[Christian socialism|Christian Socialist]] values of the time, which soon found legal expression in the [[Public Health Act 1848]]. As the [[slum clearance]] movement gathered pace, deprived areas such as [[Old Nichol]] were fictionalised to raise awareness in the middle classes in the form of moralist novels such as ''[[A Child of the Jago]]'' (1896) resulting in [[Urban renewal#England|slum clearance]] and reconstruction programmes such as the [[Boundary Estate]] (1893-1900) and the creation of charitable trusts such as the [[Peabody Trust]] founded in 1862 and [[Joseph Rowntree Foundation]] (1904) which still operate to provide [[Decent Homes Standard|decent housing]] today.

Slums are often associated with the [[British Isles]] during the [[Victorian era]], particularly in industrial towns. [[Friedrich Engels]] described these neighborhoods as "cattle-sheds for human beings".<ref>Mike Pitts (August 27, 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/aug/28/archaeology-manchester-victorian-slums "Unearthing Manchester's Victorian slums"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920081317/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/aug/28/archaeology-manchester-victorian-slums |date=2016-09-20}} ''The Guardian''.</ref> These were generally still inhabited until the 1940s, when the British government started [[urban renewal|slum clearance]] and built new [[council house]]s.<ref>[http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/council_housing/section4.htm "The History of Council Housing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053314/http://fet.uwe.ac.uk/conweb/house_ages/council_housing/section4.htm |date=2013-09-21}} University of the West of England, Bristol (2008)</ref> There are still examples left of slum housing in the UK, but many have been removed by government initiative, redesigned and replaced with better public housing.
In Europe, slums were common.<ref>Eckstein, Susan. 1990. "Urbanization Revisited: Inner-City Slum of Hope and Squatter Settlement of Despair". ''World Development 18'': 165–181</ref><ref>Roger W. Caves, editor (2005). ''Encyclopedia of the City''. {{ISBN|978-0415252256}}. page 410; also see "Slum", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2001).</ref> By the 1920s it had become a common slang expression in England, meaning either various taverns and eating houses, "loose talk" or gypsy language, or a room with "low going-ons". In ''[[Life in London (novel)|Life in London]]'' (1821) [[Pierce Egan]] used the word in the context of the "back slums" of Holy Lane or [[St Giles, London|St Giles]]. A footnote defined slum to mean "low, unfrequent parts of the town". [[Charles Dickens]] used the word slum in a similar way in 1840, writing "I mean to take a great, London, back-slum kind walk tonight". Slum began to be used to describe bad housing soon after and was used as alternative expression for [[Rookery (slum)|rookeries]].<ref name="Dyos 1982">{{Cite book |last=Dyos |first=H.J. |author2=Cannadine, David |author3=Reeder, David |title=Exploring the urban past: Essays in urban history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=au06FldIsn4C&q=%22cardinal+wiseman%22+slum |isbn=978-0-521-28848-4}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}} In 1850 the Catholic [[Cardinal Wiseman]] described the area known as [[Devil's Acre]] in [[Westminster]], London as follows:

<blockquote>Close under the Abbey of Westminster there lie concealed labyrinths of lanes and potty and alleys and slums, nests of ignorance, vice, depravity, and crime, as well as of squalor, wretchedness, and disease; whose atmosphere is typhus, whose ventilation is cholera; in which swarms of huge and almost countless population, nominally at least, Catholic; haunts of filth, which no sewage committee can reach – dark corners, which no lighting board can brighten.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Wilfrid Philip |title=The Life and Times of Cardinal Wiseman, Volume 1 |year=2008 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |page=568 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4mhP5Dc9NMC&q=%22cardinal+wiseman%22+slum |isbn=978-0-559-68852-2}}</ref></blockquote>

This passage was widely quoted in the national press,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dyos |first=H.J. |author2=Cannadine, David |author3=Reeder, David |title=Exploring the urban past: essays in urban history |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/exploringurbanpa0000dyos/page/240 240] |url=https://archive.org/details/exploringurbanpa0000dyos |url-access=registration |quote=cardinal wiseman slum. |isbn=978-0-521-28848-4}}</ref> leading to the popularization of the word ''slum'' to describe bad housing.<ref name="Dyos 1982" />{{page needed|date=October 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wohl |first=Anthony S. |title=The eternal slum: housing and social policy in Victorian London |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2002 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IgeAuQNm_UC&q=%22cardinal+wiseman%22+slum |isbn=978-0-7658-0870-7}}</ref>

[[File:Rear of 114 -120 Elizabeth Street.jpg|thumb|A slum dwelling in [[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, about 1936.<ref>[http://www.toronto.ca/culture/history/history-1901-50.htm "Toronto Culture – Exploring Toronto's past – The First Half of the 20th Century, 1901–51"]. City of Toronto, Ontario, Canada (2011)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historytothepeople.ca/remembering-st-johns-ward-the-images-of-toronto-city-photographer-arthur-s-goss/ |title=Remembering St. John's Ward: The Images of Toronto City Photographer, Arthur S. Goss |access-date=July 23, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723175443/http://www.historytothepeople.ca/remembering-st-johns-ward-the-images-of-toronto-city-photographer-arthur-s-goss/ |archive-date=July 23, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In France as in most industrialised European capitals, slums were widespread in Paris and other urban areas in the 19th century, many of which continued through first half of the 20th century. The first [[cholera epidemic of 1832]] triggered a political debate, and Louis René Villermé study<ref>Nancy Krieger (2001). "Historical roots of social epidemiology". ''International Journal of Epidemiology''. 30 (4): 899–900</ref> of various [[arrondissement]]s of Paris demonstrated the differences and connection between slums, poverty and poor health.<ref>Ann-Louise Shapiro (1985), ''Housing the Poor of Paris'', 1850–1902, {{ISBN|978-0299098803}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}} [[Melun Act of 1851|Melun Law]] first passed in 1849 and revised in 1851, followed by establishment of Paris Commission on Unhealthful Dwellings in 1852 began the social process of identifying the worst housing inside slums, but did not remove or replace slums. After [[World War II]], French people started mass migration from rural to urban areas of France. This demographic and economic trend rapidly raised rents of existing housing as well as expanded slums. French government passed laws to block increase in the rent of housing, which inadvertently made many housing projects unprofitable and increased slums. In 1950, France launched its [[HLM|Habitation à Loyer Modéré]]<ref name="URO habitat">[http://www.convergence-lr.fr/evenement/1/hlm-ideesrecues-2012.pdf "10 idées reçues sur les HLM"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126045403/http://www.convergence-lr.fr/evenement/1/hlm-ideesrecues-2012.pdf |date=2013-11-26}}, Union sociale pour l'habitat, February 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.housingeurope.eu/publication/social-housing-country-profiles/social-housing-in/fr France – public housing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518193504/http://www.housingeurope.eu/publication/social-housing-country-profiles/social-housing-in/fr |date=2013-05-18}} European Union</ref> initiative to finance and build public housing and remove slums, managed by techniciens – urban technocrats.,<ref>[http://juh.sagepub.com/content/38/6/1021.short "Ordering the Disorderly Slum – Standardizing Quality of Life in Marseille Tenements and Bidonvilles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014164930/http://juh.sagepub.com/content/38/6/1021.short |date=2016-10-14}} Minayo Nasiali, ''Journal of Urban History'' November 2012 vol. 38 no. 6, 1021–1035</ref> and financed by Livret A<ref>[http://www.connexionfrance.com/Livret-savers-interest-rate-Banque-ceiling-tax-14884-view-article.html "Livret A rate falls to 1.25%"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822001538/http://www.connexionfrance.com/Livret-savers-interest-rate-Banque-ceiling-tax-14884-view-article.html |date=2013-08-22}} ''The Connexion'' (July 18, 2013)</ref> – a tax free savings account for French public. Some slums remain in the early 21st century in France, most of which are dismantled after a few months, the largest being the "Petite Ceinture" slum on the northern Paris decommissioned train tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/logement/paris-le-bidonville-de-la-petite-ceinture-evacue_AN-201711280018.html|title=Paris: le bidonville de la Petite ceinture évacué|website=BFMTV}}</ref>

New York City is believed to have created the United States' first slum, named the [[Five Points, Manhattan#The Slum|Five Points]] in 1825, as it evolved into a large urban settlement.<ref name="Ashton2006" /><ref name="nyt2001">Kevin Baker (September 30, 2001). [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/books/the-first-slum-in-america.html "The First Slum in America"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206145031/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/books/the-first-slum-in-america.html |date=2016-12-06}}. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Five Points was named for a lake named [[Five Points, Manhattan#Collect Pond|Collect]].<ref name="nyt2001" /><ref>Solis, Julia. ''New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City''. p. 76</ref> which, by the late 1700s, was surrounded by slaughterhouses and tanneries which emptied their waste directly into its waters. Trash piled up as well and by the early 1800s the lake was filled up and dry. On this foundation was built Five Points, the United States' first slum. Five Points was occupied by successive waves of freed slaves, Irish, then Italian, then Chinese, immigrants. It housed the poor, rural people leaving farms for opportunity, and the persecuted people from Europe pouring into New York City. Bars, bordellos, squalid and lightless tenements lined its streets. Violence and crime were commonplace. Politicians and social elite discussed it with derision. Slums like Five Points triggered discussions of [[affordable housing]] and slum removal. As of the start of the 21st century, Five Points slum had been transformed into the [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] and Chinatown neighborhoods of New York City, through that city's campaign of massive [[urban renewal]].<ref name="Lawrence Vale 2007" />{{page needed|date=October 2024}}<ref name="nyt2001" />

Five Points was not the only slum in America.<ref>[[Gerald D. Suttles|Suttles, Gerald D.]] 1968. ''The Social Order of the Slum''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}}<ref>Gans, Herbert J. 1962. ''The Urban Villagers''. New York: The Free Press.</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}} [[Jacob Riis]], [[Walker Evans]], [[Lewis Hine]] and others photographed many before World War II. Slums were found in every major urban region of the United States throughout most of the 20th century, long after the Great Depression. Most of these slums had been ignored by the cities and states which encompassed them until the 1960s' [[War on Poverty]] was undertaken by the Federal government of the United States.

A type of slum housing, sometimes called poorhouses, crowded [[Boston Common]], later at the fringes of the city.<ref>[http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2008/10/history-of-us-public-housing-part-3-the-slum-clearance-era.html "History of US Public Housing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223121021/http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2008/10/history-of-us-public-housing-part-3-the-slum-clearance-era.html |date=2014-02-23}} Affordable Housing Institute, United States (2008); See Part 1, 2 and 3</ref>

[[File:Les enfants de la zone (Ivry, 1913).jpeg|thumb|A 1913 slum dwelling midst squalor in [[Ivry-sur-Seine]], a French commune about 5 kilometers from center of [[Paris]]. Slums were scattered around Paris through the 1950s.<ref>Rosemary Wakeman, ''The Heroic City: Paris, 1945–1958'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226870236}}. pages 45–61.</ref><ref>Courgey (1908), "Recherche et classement des anormaux: enquête sur les enfants des Écoles de la ville d'Ivry-sur-Seine", ''International Magazine of School Hygiene'', Ed: Sir Lauder Brunton, 395–418</ref> After ''Loi Vivien'' was passed in July 1970, France demolished some of its last major bidonvilles (slums) and resettled resident Algerian, Portuguese and other migrant workers by the mid-1970s.<ref>[http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Cites-de-transit-the-urban.html "Cités de transit": the urban treatment of poverty during decolonisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215314/http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Cites-de-transit-the-urban.html |date=2013-10-04}} Muriel Cohen & Cédric David, Metro Politiques (March 28, 2012)</ref><ref>[http://fresques.ina.fr/reperes-mediterraneens/fiche-media/Repmed00407/le-dernier-bidonville-de-nice.html "Le dernier bidonville de Nice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213739/http://fresques.ina.fr/reperes-mediterraneens/fiche-media/Repmed00407/le-dernier-bidonville-de-nice.html |date=2013-10-04}} Pierre Espagne, Reperes Mediterraneens (1976)</ref>]]

[[Rio de Janeiro]] documented its first slum in 1920 census. By the 1960s, over 33% of population of Rio lived in slums, 45% of [[Mexico City]] and [[Ankara]], 65% of [[Algiers]], 35% of [[Caracas]], 25% of [[Lima]] and [[Santiago]], 15% of [[Singapore]]. By 1980, in various cities and towns of Latin America alone, there were about 25,000 slums.<ref>Janice Perlman (1980). ''The Myth of Marginality: Urban Poverty and Politics in Rio de Janeiro''. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0520039520}}. pages 12–16.</ref>