Editing Slum clearance (section)

==Consequences==
Critics argue that slum removal by force tends to ignore the social problems that cause slums. Poor families who may fall below the income threshold to afford low-income housing replacements, often families including children and working adults, need a place to live when adequate low-income housing is too expensive for them. Moreover, slums are frequently sites of informal economies that provide jobs, services, and livelihoods not otherwise available in the community. Urbanologists Matias Echanove and Rahul Srivastava argue that many aspects of slums, namely the decentralized, mixed-use, tight-knit urban environment, are assets worth nurturing. Arguing that Slum upgrading (economic integration, infrastructure assistance) is partially responsible for the rapid economic success of Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Echanove |first1=Matias |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |date=8 January 2013|title=When Tokyo Was a Slum |url=https://nextcity.org/informalcity/entry/when-tokyo-was-a-slum |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=[[Next City]]}}</ref> Slum clearance removes the slum, but neglecting the needs of the community or its people, does not remove the causes that create and maintain the slum.<ref>Stephen K. Mayo, Stephen Malpezzi and David J. Gross, Shelter Strategies for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Jul., 1986), pages 183–203</ref><ref>William Mangin, Latin American Squatter Settlements: A Problem and a Solution, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer, 1967), pages 65–98</ref> 

Similarly, plans to remove slums in several non-Western contexts have proven ineffective without sufficient housing and other support for the displaced communities. Academics describe such strategies as detrimental in Nigeria, where the slum destruction puts further stress on already short housing stock, in some cases creating new slums in other parts of the community.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sule|first=R. A. Olu|title=Recent slum clearance exercise in Lagos (Nigeria): victims or beneficiaries? |journal=GeoJournal|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=81–91|doi=10.1007/BF02428541|issn=0343-2521|year=1990|bibcode=1990GeoJo..22...81O |s2cid=189888208}}</ref> Zimbabwe's [[Operation Murambatsvina]] was widely criticized by the international community, including a scathing report from the UN which noted human rights abuses alongside poor design of the program, which was estimated to displace at least 700,000 slum dwellers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6683619.stm|title=Zimbabwe slum evictions 'a crime'|date=2007-05-23|newspaper=BBC|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>