Editing Small RNA (section)

== Types of Small RNA ==
* [[microRNA]] (miRNA) - an [[RNA]] involved in [[RNA interference|RNAi]] through gene regulation as well as [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] degradation<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=Lee P. |last2=Lau |first2=Nelson C. |last3=Garrett-Engele |first3=Philip |last4=Grimson |first4=Andrew |last5=Schelter |first5=Janell M. |last6=Castle |first6=John |last7=Bartel |first7=David P. |last8=Linsley |first8=Peter S. |last9=Johnson |first9=Jason M. |date=2005-02-17 |title=Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685193 |journal=Nature |volume=433 |issue=7027 |pages=769–773 |doi=10.1038/nature03315 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=15685193|bibcode=2005Natur.433..769L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=D |last2=Dalmay |first2=T |last3=Chapman |first3=T |title=Microguards and micromessengers of the genome |journal=Heredity |date=February 2016 |volume=116 |issue=2 |pages=125–134 |doi=10.1038/hdy.2015.84|pmid=26419338 |pmc=4806885 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016Hered.116..125G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iwakawa |first1=Hiro-oki |last2=Tomari |first2=Yukihide |date=2022-01-06 |title=Life of RISC: Formation, action, and degradation of RNA-induced silencing complex |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276521010285 |journal=Molecular Cell |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=30–43 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.026 |pmid=34942118 |issn=1097-2765}}</ref>
* [[File:Functions of Small RNAs.jpg|thumb|Lists the multiple functions of the types of small RNA]][[Piwi-interacting RNA]] (piRNA) - an [[RNA]] that regulates the germ line, [[Transposable element|transposons]], as well as [[Histone|histones]]. It also participates in the argonaute complex.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Xi |last2=Pan |first2=Yutian |last3=Fang |first3=Yuan |last4=Zhang |first4=Jingxin |last5=Xie |first5=Mengyan |last6=Yang |first6=Fengming |last7=Yu |first7=Tao |last8=Ma |first8=Pei |last9=Li |first9=Wei |last10=Shu |first10=Yongqian |date=2020-09-04 |title=The Biogenesis and Functions of piRNAs in Human Diseases |journal=Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids |volume=21 |pages=108–120 |doi=10.1016/j.omtn.2020.05.023 |pmid=32516734 |pmc=7283962 |issn=2162-2531}}</ref>
* QDE-2 interfering RNA (qiRNA) - an [[RNA]] that regulates gene expression after [[DNA]] damage<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Heng-Chi |last2=Chang |first2=Shwu-Shin |last3=Choudhary |first3=Swati |last4=Aalto |first4=Antti P. |last5=Maiti |first5=Mekhala |last6=Bamford |first6=Dennis H. |last7=Liu |first7=Yi |date=2009-05-14 |title=qiRNA is a new type of small interfering RNA induced by DNA damage |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7244 |pages=274–277 |doi=10.1038/nature08041 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=2859615 |pmid=19444217|bibcode=2009Natur.459..274L }}</ref>
* [[Short hairpin RNA]] (shRNA) - an [[RNA]] that acts similarly to [[MicroRNA|miRNA]], regulating gene expression via RISC<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Silva |first1=Jose M. |last2=Li |first2=Mamie Z. |last3=Chang |first3=Ken |last4=Ge |first4=Wei |last5=Golding |first5=Michael C. |last6=Rickles |first6=Richard J. |last7=Siolas |first7=Despina |last8=Hu |first8=Guang |last9=Paddison |first9=Patrick J. |last10=Schlabach |first10=Michael R. |last11=Sheth |first11=Nihar |last12=Bradshaw |first12=Jeff |last13=Burchard |first13=Julia |last14=Kulkarni |first14=Amit |last15=Cavet |first15=Guy |date=November 2005 |title=Second-generation shRNA libraries covering the mouse and human genomes |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng1650 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=1281–1288 |doi=10.1038/ng1650 |pmid=16200065 |issn=1546-1718|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[small interfering RNA]] (siRNA) - an [[RNA]] that regulates both gene expression with RISC<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tiwari |first1=Deepti |last2=Patel |first2=Manoj Kumar |date=May 7, 2024 |title=22 Nucleotide siRNAs: Emerging Players in Plant Stress Adaptation |url=https://bioticapublications.com/journal-backend/articlePdf/5c11d2d246.pdf |journal=Biotica Research Today |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=249–251}}</ref> and by [[histone]] modifications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Marc S. |last2=Morris |first2=Kevin V. |date=2016-08-19 |title=Transcriptional gene silencing in humans |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=44 |issue=14 |pages=6505–6517 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkw139 |issn=1362-4962 |pmc=5001580 |pmid=27060137}}</ref>
* [[small nuclear RNA]] (snRNA), also commonly referred to as U-RNA  - an [[RNA]] integral to the [[Spliceosome|splicosome]], that also stabilizes [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valadkhan |first1=Saba |last2=Gunawardane |first2=Lalith S. |date=2013-04-30 |editor-last=Lindsay |editor-first=Mark A. |editor2-last=Griffiths-Jones |editor2-first=Sam |title=Role of small nuclear RNAs in eukaryotic gene expression |journal=Essays in Biochemistry |volume=54 |pages=79–90 |doi=10.1042/bse0540079 |pmid=23829528 |pmc=11246792 |issn=0071-1365}}</ref>
* [[small nucleolar RNA]] (snoRNA) - an [[RNA]] regulates the [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] as well as aiding [[alternative splicing]]. It also aids in [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Zheng-hao |last2=Du |first2=Yu-ping |last3=Wen |first3=Jing-tao |last4=Lu |first4=Bing-feng |last5=Zhao |first5=Yang |date=2022-05-12 |title=snoRNAs: functions and mechanisms in biological processes, and roles in tumor pathophysiology |journal=Cell Death Discovery |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=259 |doi=10.1038/s41420-022-01056-8 |pmid=35552378 |pmc=9098889 |issn=2058-7716}}</ref>
* small rDNA-derived RNA (srRNA) - an [[RNA]] involved in multiple signaling pathways as well as the formation of Argonaute protein complexes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Haibin |last2=Zhou |first2=Ben |last3=Zhang |first3=Fang |last4=Tu |first4=Yanyang |last5=Hu |first5=Yanan |last6=Zhang |first6=Baoguo |last7=Zhai |first7=Qiwei |date=2013 |title=Profiling and identification of small rDNA-derived RNAs and their potential biological functions |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e56842 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056842 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3572043 |pmid=23418607|bibcode=2013PLoSO...856842W }}</ref>
* tRNA-derived stress induced RNA (tiRNA) - an [[RNA]] that regulates translation by binding to [[Ribosome|ribosomes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Xie |first1=Yaoyao |last2=Yao |first2=Lipeng |last3=Yu |first3=Xiuchong |last4=Ruan |first4=Yao |last5=Li |first5=Zhe |last6=Guo |first6=Junming |date=2020-06-30 |title=Action mechanisms and research methods of tRNA-derived small RNAs |journal=Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=109 |doi=10.1038/s41392-020-00217-4 |pmid=32606362 |pmc=7326991 |issn=2059-3635}}</ref>
* tRNA fragment (tRF) - an [[RNA]] fragment that regulates translation by binding to [[Ribosome|ribosomes]] and altering mRNA's caps. It can also combine with Argonaute protein complexes to degrade mRNA.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=Darrell |last2=Fraser |first2=William D. |last3=Dalmay |first3=Tamas |title=Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in the cancer transcriptome |journal=Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology |date=June 2016 |volume=468 |issue=6 |pages=1041–1047 |doi=10.1007/s00424-016-1822-9|pmid=27095039 |pmc=4893054 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Y RNA-derived small RNA (ysRNA) - an [[RNA]] that aids in initiaion of [[DNA replication]] as well as preventing [[Messenger RNA|mRNA]] from degrading.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Valkov |first1=Nedyalka |last2=Das |first2=Saumya |title=Non-coding RNAs in Cardiovascular Diseases |date=2020 |chapter=Y RNAs: Biogenesis, Function and Implications for the Cardiovascular System |series=Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology |volume=1229 |pages=327–342 |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-1671-9_20 |issn=0065-2598 |pmc=7363058 |pmid=32285422|isbn=978-981-15-1670-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Billmeier |first1=Martina |last2=Green |first2=Darrell |last3=Hall |first3=Adam E. |last4=Turnbull |first4=Carly |last5=Singh |first5=Archana |last6=Xu |first6=Ping |last7=Moxon |first7=Simon |last8=Dalmay |first8=Tamas |title=Mechanistic insights into non-coding Y RNA processing |journal=RNA Biology |date=31 December 2022 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=468–480 |doi=10.1080/15476286.2022.2057725 |pmid=35354369 |pmc=8973356 |doi-access=free }}</ref>